DNA National Workshop Belmopan 4 & 5 November 2010 Carlos Fuller Deputy Director The Status of the Climate Change Negotiations and Implications for the CDM

2 The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre Endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of Government in July 2002 An intergovernmental specialized agency of CARICOM with an independent management that is guided by The CARICOM Council of Trade and Economic Development (COTED) on policy matters. A board of directors with responsibility for strategic planning. A technical secretariat headed by an Executive Director with responsibility for tactical planning. The Centre is mandated to coordinate the regional response to climate change and its efforts to manage and adapt to its projected impacts. The Centre possesses full juridical personality. Financially independent  Operational since January 2004 January 2004  Located in Belmopan, Belize Belmopan, Belize

Members ● Antigua and Barbuda ● Bahamas ● Barbados ● Belize ● Dominica ● Grenada ● Guyana ● Haiti ● Jamaica ● Suriname ● Saint Lucia ● St. Kitts and Nevis ● St. Vincent & the Grenadines ● Trinidad and Tobago

4 Functional Organogram

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ● Ultimate Objective: “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system…within a timeframe sufficient to allow eco-systems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”

UNFCCC – Developed Countries ● Commitment - To return individually or jointly to their 1990 levels of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 2000 ● In fact, their emissions have risen

UNFCCC ● Belize signed in 1992 ● Belize ratified in 1994 ● Convention came into force on 21 March 1994 ● At COP 1 (1995) the Ad hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AWG-BM) was established to draft an agreement to strengthen developed country commitments ● 8 negotiating sessions culminating in the Kyoto Protocol at COP 3 in 1997

Kyoto Protocol ● Parties included in Annex I (developed countries) shall reduce their overall emissions of GHGs by at least 5% below their 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012 ● Came into effect on 16 February 2005 when 50 Parties representing 55% of global GHG emissions ratified  US withdrew

Greenhouse Gases (GHG) ● Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ● Methane (CH 4 ) ● Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) ● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) ● Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) ● Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 )

Sectors/Source Categories ● Energy ● Forestry ● Industrial Processes ● Agriculture ● Waste ● Solvent and other product use

Parties and their assigned quantified emission limitation or reduction commitment ● Australia108% ● Austria92% ● Belgium92% ● Bulgaria92% ● Canada94% ● Croatia95% ● Czech Rep.92% ● Denmark92% ● Estonia92% ● EU92% ● Finland92% ● France92% ● Germany92% ● Greece92% ● Hungary94% ● Iceland110% ● Ireland92% ● Italy92% ● Japan94% ● Latvia92% ● Liechtenstein92% ● Lithuania92% ● Luxembourg92% ● Monaco92% ● Netherlands92% ● New Zealand100% ● Norway101% ● Poland94% ● Portugal92% ● Romania92% ● Russian Federation100% ● Slovakia92% ● Slovenia92% ● Spain92% ● Sweden92% ● Switzerland92% ● Ukraine100% ● UK92% ● USA92%

Flexibility Mechanisms ● Joint Implementation (Article 4) ● Emissions Trading (Article 6) ● Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Article 12)

Purpose of the CDM (Article 12.2) ● To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention ● To assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments

Kyoto Protocol ● First Commitment Period: ● Art. 3.9: CMP shall initiate consideration of commitments for subsequent periods at least 7 years before the end of the first commitment period ● 2005: CMP established the AWG-KP to define “subsequent commitment period(s), targets, …) ● Negotiations commenced …  New gases?  New sectors? ● International aviation and marine transport  New Parties? ● What to do about the USA?

AWG-LCA ● Dialogue on Long Term Commitments commenced in 2005 ● Bali Action Plan (2007) launched formal negotiations under the AWG-LCA  Mitigation for developed and developing countries  Adaptation  Financing  Technology

Copenhagen ● Negotiations of AWG-KP and AWG-LCA should have concluded in Copenhagen in 2009 ● Failed ● Negotiations resumed in 2010 ● Unlikely to have a comprehensive agreement in Cancun in December 2010  Series of Decisions on other issues such as Adaptation, Finance, Forestry, Technology

Issue: Mitigation by a few = Unfair Economic Competition USA KYOTO PARTIES MAJOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Future? ● EU will purchase credits from any projects initiated prior to 31 December 2012 ● Japan will purchase credits post 2012 ● EU will purchase credits from LDCs post 2012 for European Trading Scheme (ETS) ● Voluntary markets will continue ● Mechanisms in Kyoto Protocol incorporated in any new instrument