Society and Culture in the industrial age Chapter 23 Section 4 Society and Culture in the industrial age

Emigration During the 1800’s improvements in Medicine, sanitation, and food distribution helped lead to an increase in population Due to jobs, growth was fastest in the more industrialized regions in the US and Europe People began to move from their native land across international boundaries and oceans into foreign lands which is Emigration Between 1870 and 1900 more than 10 million people left Europe for the US alone, one of the greatest mass movements of people People were fleeing countries with poor economic conditions like Ireland and Italy Thanks to steamships and trains travel was faster and more affordable

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continued Others, like the Jews, Armenians, and Slavs fled oppression and discrimination Within Europe people moved to the areas of greatest industrialization This was a result of increased demand for factory labor As the population increased, there were changes in agriculture and industry Before the industrial revolution most people lived in rural areas or small villages By the early 1900’s more people lived in or near cities than in the country side

Sanitation and Public order In the 1800’s houses did not have running water; most cities did not have sewers People dumped garbage and sewage into the streets, combined with smoke from the factories this made the cities foul smelling and unhealthy After the 1870’s technological advancements such as iron pipes and flush toilets, and running water were helped life inside the city Public sewers were installed along with paved streets and street lights were all improvements Governments passed laws requiring better heating systems and better construction of buildings

Industrialized London

Continued Cities also needed new law enforcement to direct crowds and to protect the lives and property of city dwellers In 1829 Sir Robert Peel of London organized a Permanent police force The police were called Bobbies after Peel’s first name Other major cities soon followed London's lead

Development of Suburbs As cities grew, people moved to residential areas outside of the cities called suburbs In the US suburbs were connected to the city by a streetcar or ferry Suburbs later were developed around railroad lines and horse drawn bus lines Suburbs main appeal is that they were less crowded and less noisy than living in the cities The people who could afford it lived in the suburbs and worked in the cities traveling between the two More cities created public transportation systems, but at first only professionals could afford them and the factory workers had to live within walking distance of work

Diet and Food Storage Science and technology provided better methods of preserving and transporting foods Pasteurization killed off bacteria and refrigeration helped to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria They used refrigerated rail cars to transport meat, fruit, and vegetables Scientists also discovered the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet As a result Life expectancy as well as population increased

Growth of Education Industrialists wanted workers who could read and write they needed engineers, scientists, and skilled technicians Others believed that state-sponsored schools produced patriotic citizens Along with intelligent workers the military leaders wanted more educated soldiers Ordinary people also wanted an education thinking it would improve their children's chances at a better life After 1870 governments in the US and Europe passed laws requiring an education for all children In the US individual states levied taxes to support the schools Middle class children went to high school and often Universities

Education for Women By the end of the 1800’s many schools offered a elementary education for girls but not much of a secondary education It was argued that the subjects in high school were not necessary or proper for women What secondary education there was focused on languages, literature, and home economics, not science, math, or philosophy Few Collages admitted women in the 1800’s so collages for women only started to appear This spread of education had many positive effects People became more involved in government and because more people could read more books and newspapers were published

Effects of education People started to read the newspaper more making newspapers more important in peoples lives During the 1800’s they began to cover topics like politics, foreign affairs, art and science Papers also began to criticize or support politicians or the government and political cartoons started to appear New communication technology appeared like the telegraph, allowing newspapers to print the latest news As newspapers grew so did the demand for editors and writers

Sports People had been involved in athletic events since ancient times In the 1800’s they became more organized Football in Great Britain (soccer) was amoung one of the first professional spectator sports Both Rugby and American football were derived from soccer By the mid 1800’s soccer players were full time athletes In the 1890’s bicycling began to gain in popularity and hundreds of manufacturers popped up Baseball also became popular in the late 1800’s, it was popular with soldiers in the civil war and in1860’s the Cincinnati red stockings were formed

The Arts Before, musicians had performed concerts in the homes of the rich, artists and sculptors produced their work for the wealthy In the industrial age art and music became available to more people As demand increased so did the demand for concert halls and museums Vaudeville became a popular form of entertainment combining music, dialogue, dancing and singing Art collections started to move from private homes to museums Public libraries also began to appear in cities like London and Paris

Parks and Urban Planning Crowded cities had few places for outdoor recreation Trains were often used to take families out to the country for the day People began to demand public city parks for recreation By the end of the 1800’s many cities had playgrounds for children Large areas, like Central Park, were being set aside as public parks