Chapter 7-Issues of The Gilded Age Section 1: Segregation and Social Tension Section 2: Political and Economic Challenges Section 3:Farmer’s and Populism Standards: 2.1, 2.3, 2.9. 2.12, 9.4

African Americans Lose Freedoms States’ Governments Limit Voting Rights Poll tax: people had to pay to register to vote (Georgia $1-2) Literacy tests: “Understanding” Tests Had to own property Grandfather clause: In Louisiana this clause allowed any man to vote if he had an ancestor on the voting rolls in 1867, which made former slaves, and their decendants ineligible to vote 1894: 130,000 Black Registered Voters in Louisiana 1904: 1,300 Black Registered Voters Legalizing Segregation Segregation: separation of the races Jim Crow laws: statutes that enforced segregation Supreme Court overturns the Civil Rights Act of 1875 No longer a violation to keep people out based solely on color Plessy v. Ferguson: Court case that upheld “Separate but Equal” Racial Violence Lynching: executions without proper court hearings 80% in the South 70% of the victims were African Americans

Jim Crow and Limited Opportunity

Section 1: The Rise of Segregation Resistance and Repression Sharecroppers: landless farmers who paid in the form of crops to a landlord for supplies, rent, seed, tools and other supplies; were always in debt Exodus to Kansas Exodusters: migrants of African Americans from the rural South to Kansas Forming a Separate Alliance Colored Farmers’ National Alliance: helped African Americans economically by setting up cooperatives Cooperatives: a store where farmers bought products from each other; an organization that is owned and run by the people who use the services Crushing the Populist Revolt An appeal to racism “Black Republicanism” a step back to Reconstruction

Exodusters

African Americans Oppose Injustices Ida B. Wells: Memphis Free Speech Anti-lynching Said it was greed not just racial prejudice that led to the brutal acts and violence Mob destroyed printing press of Memphis Free Speech and drove Ida from town A Call for Compromise Booker T. Washington: proposed that African Americans concentrate on education and economic gains rather than deal with politics Atlanta Compromise: Booker T. Washington wanted the African American population to postpone the fight for Civil Rights until they were prepared to full equality. A Voice of the Future W.E.B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk Promoting and protecting the voting rights of African Americans was the only way to reach equality.

Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, Ida B. Wells

Chinese Immigrants Face Discrimination 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: Chinese Immigrants Banned for 10 Years Wong Kim Ark v. United States: Supreme Court Upheld 14th Amendment

Mexicans Americans Struggle in the West Abuse and Discrimination Undermine Rights Courts backed white Americans land claims most of the time Las Gorras Blancas: Extremist group who targeted large ranch owners with terror tactics Alianza Hispano-Americana: Organization formed to protect Mexican-American Culture

Women Make Gains and Suffer Setbacks Susan B. Anthony: Felt betrayed when 14th/15th Amendments did not include women- 1872: Broke law by voting illegally in New York Elizabeth Cady Stanton: National Women’s Suffrage Association Women’s Christian Temperance Movement: Fought for women’s rights but also wanted to prohibit sale of alcohol (18th Amendment)

“Political and Economic Challenges” U.S. History I Chapter 7 Section 2 “Political and Economic Challenges” 2.5, 9.1, 9.3, 9.4

Section 2: Balance of Power Creates Stalemate 1877-1897: Presidents win by narrow margins and presidents are weak or corrupt. Benjamin Harrison: Second President to lose Popular vote but win Electoral College Chester Arthur: Took over after James Garfield was assassinated: Disliked by OWN Republican Party *Grover Cleveland: Known for his Integrity: 1884 Won: 1888 Lost to Harrison (Electoral College) 1892: Won again (Only one counted TWICE) Corruption Plagues National Politics Joseph Keppler: Political Cartoonist: “The Bosses of the Senate” Next Slide Patronage: government jobs go to the supporters of the winning party in an election. “Spoils System” The Pendleton Act: Allowed the president to decide which federal jobs would be filled according to the rules of the Civil Service Commission: All had to take exam to qualify for job. Under Pres. Arthur, 14,000 jobs were placed under this program

Economic Issues Challenge Nation Tariff: Tax on Imports Republicans: Wanted High Tariffs Democrats: Wanted Low Tariffs Silver or Gold Greenbacks retired after Civil War Goldbugs: Wanted all coins made of gold Silverites: Wanted all coins made of silver

Section 3: Farmers and Populism Unrest in Rural America Populism: a political movement founded in the 1890s that mainly represented farmers, favored free coinage of silver, and favored government control of railroads and other big industries Falling Prices and Rising Debt Greenbacks: U.S. paper money Inflation: money loses value, higher prices Deflation: lower prices, higher buying power Deflation Hurts Farmers The Crime of ’73: The decision of the government to stop the minting of silver

The Farmers’ Alliance The Grange Takes Action: Oliver H. Kelley: 1867 Cooperatives: marketing organizations that worked to benefit their members The Grange Fails Didn’t change economic problems of farmers Railroads fought back by cutting services and refusing to lay more track Wabash v. Illinois: limited a state’s ability to regulate the railroads, states could not regulate interstate commerce The Farmers’ Alliance Lampasas County, Texas 1877 Charles Macune The Alliance Grows Kansas Nebraska North Dakota South Dakota South and Great Plains The People’s Party: Populists The Subtreasury Plan: called for the government to set up warehouses where farmers could store crops for low-interest loans until prices increased.

The Populist Party Demands Reforms Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890: authorized the U.S. Treasury to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver a month, put more money into circulation in an attempt to help farmers The South Turns to Populism Many Southern Democrats move to Populist Party A Populist for President James B. Weaver Graduated income tax: taxation of higher earnings more heavily Government ownership of railroads The Panic of 1893: Economic Crisis Stock Market on Wall Street Crash Banks closed Economic Depression

The Election of 1896 Bryan’s Campaign The Front Porch Campaign William Jennings Bryan Supported the minting of silver *Also known as prosecutor in the “Scopes Monkey Trial” Bryan’s Campaign 600 speeches in 14 weeks Republicans nominate William McKinley as the man who could beat Bryan The Front Porch Campaign William McKinley spoke only at his Canton, Ohio home. Delegates came to see him at his home. Full Dinner Pan Unemployment would rise, wages would be cut Populism Declines Depression ends Gold in Canada, Alaska, and South Africa increase money supply