Harriet Tregoning District of Columbia Office of Planning Local Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions

2 The Washington Metro Region: the New Eco-heros? The move to Green is snowballing Climate/Carbon is gaining currency Role of urbanism/settlement patterns underplayed Reasons to believe past behavior not a good predictor Concentrations of Walkable Urbanity - –Communities of choice(s) Affinity Options Cachet –Aggregators of benefits

District of Columbia Green Building Act of 2006

Initially Funded in FY ’ 08 –District or Instrumentality; New Construction, Disposition by Lease, Schools Meet LEED NC or CS, Silver –Residential (10,000+ sf) Green Communities Standard Beginning January 1, 2009 Non-Residential (50,000+ sf) Submit LEED Checklist to DCRA (at time of any permit app.) Beginning January 1, 2012 –All Non-Residential (50,000+ sf) Meet LEED NC or CS, Basic Certification Private Sector NAR Building, Washington DC; LEED Gold Public Sector

LEED Projects in DC LEED Certified :20 (6) LEED Registered:204 (40) LEED ND Pilots:8

6 CO2 Emission Sources 18%21% 33% Buildings and transportation account for 72% of US CO2 emissions Source: EPA; INVENTORY OF U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS:

7 Buildings alone are not the answer… The average US citizen takes about 1,500 daily trips a year. –45 percent of daily trips are taken for shopping and errands –27 percent of daily trips are social and recreational, such as visiting a friend –15 percent of daily trips are taken for commuting Half the trips we make are less than three miles, 40 percent are less than two miles; 28 percent are less than one mile ; and 13.7% are less than a half mile. Yet 75 percent of trips of less than one mile are made by car. Sources: National Household Travel Survey, , US FHA; National Walking and Bicycling Study, Environmental Building News, Aug 2007, Driving to Green Buildings: The Transportation Energy Intensity of Buildings Comparing Transportation and Operating Energy Use for an Office Building

8 Attributes of a Globally Competitive City/Region

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10 Larry Frank, University of British Columbia

11 Three Policy Levers  Cleaner fuel  Less CO2 produced for each gallon.  Fuel technology.  Better fuel efficiency  More miles traveled per gallon.  Vehicle technology.  Drive less  Fewer miles traveled.  Reduce travel demand. Change behavior.

12 SETTING THE STAGE ARLINGTON LOBBIED STRONGLY FOR AN UNDERGROUND ROUTE ALONG THE OLD COMMERCIAL CORRIDOR VS ALONG THE MEDIAN OF FUTURE HIGHWAY Put up $300 million local money for preferred routes and more stations

13 M M M M M Lower Density Zoning Lower Density Zoning View of Rosslyn-Ballston Metro Corridor Development Patterns Potomac River The Capitol

14 MEASURING SUCCESS R-B CORRIDOR 1970 R-B CORRIDOR TODAY 22,000 jobs 5.5 million sf office 7,000 housing units 94,000 jobs 23.5 million sf office 24,500 housing units

15 MEASURING SUCCESS 1991 ROSSLYN 13,637 COURT HOUSE 5,561 CLARENDON 2,964 BALLSTON 9, ROSSLYN 30,663 COURT HOUSE 14,191 CLARENDON 6,848 BALLSTON 22,957 METRO RIDERSHIP (Average daily entries and exits)

16 Diversifying Transportation Biking Paris SmartBikes …Coming to DC in 2008 Bike Lanes – 26 miles -- > 60 Car Sharing –700+ cars in 26 DC Neighborhoods

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18 Growing Cooler What reduction in vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) is possible in the United States with compact development rather than continuing urban sprawl? What reduction in CO2 emissions will accompany such a reduction in VMT? What policy changes will be required to shift the dominant land development pattern from sprawl to compact development? AND DO COMMUNITIES WANT IT?

20-40% VMT Reduction for Each Increment of Compact Development 7-10% Reduction in Total CO 2 Emissions

20 Carrots – make options more viable –Increase transit service / facilities –Transit price incentives (passes, lower fares) –Investments in pedestrian and cycling facilities – bike sharing services, sidewalks, crosswalks, bicycle lanes/parking –Supportive land use changes (e.g. closer destinations, mix of uses) Sticks—increase costs to drive –Taxes (gas, carbon, VMT, etc) –Cordon Charges (London, Singapore, NYC?) –Distance-based vehicle insurance –Distance-based development impact fees –Road pricing How do we Reduce Vehicle Travel?

21 Proximity Connect-ivity 2 KM 1 KM Larry Frank, University of British Columbia

22 Mixed Use Mixed Use Density Density Street Connectivity Street Connectivity Amount of Retail Amount of Retail CensusBlockGroups Walkability Larry Frank, University of British Columbia

23 Larry Frank, University of British Columbia Walkscore.com Multiple Choices all within a mile walk… Grocery Schools Parks Libraries Fitness Drugstores Hardware Clothing Restaurants Bars Theaters 777 N. Cap = 86

24 Source: LUTAQH final report, King County ORTP, 2005 North Redmond Queen Anne

25 Source: LUTAQH final report, King County ORTP, 2005 North RedmondQueen Anne

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27 –Fuels –Vehicle Technology –Demand Reduction Pricing Strategies –Pay as you drive Insurance –Distance Based Impact Fee Systems –Peak Hour Congestion Pricing Prioritize Funding for Energy Efficient Modes of Travel (transit, walk, bike) Make seamless linkages between walk, bike (local) and transit (regional) Put Wider Range of Housing Types and Prices Points in More Walkable Settings Bring Residential, Commercial/Retail, Office, Institutional, and Recreational Uses Closer Together Tie federal transportation dollars to projects that are consistent with an approved and enforced growth plan

28 Built Environment versus Individual Preferences

People Turning 65 Annually Year ,000 1,500 2,000 Thousands People Turning 65 in Year

30 Decline in Households with Kids Household With Children 48% 33% 28% Without Children 52% 67% 72% Single13% 26% 28% Source: Census for 1960 and 2000, 2025 adapted from Martha Farnsworth Riche, How Changes in the Nation’s Age and Household Structure Will Reshape Housing Demand in the 21st Century, HUD (2003).

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35 BedZed (London Borough of Sutton) Any reason to believe behavior will change? Residential VMT decreased 65% Green Transport Plan Solid Transit Links ‘Pedestrian First’ Priority Limited Parking Car Sharing Car Pool

36 Any reason to believe behavior will change?