Cities/Urban Land Use… §In /3 of the world lived in cities. §Today :1/2 live in cities; number is increasing.

Historic City Functions 4 Commercial Centers – Miami (?), Aventura (?) 4 Industrial Cities - Chicago, Detroit 4 Resort Cities – Rio de Janeiro, St Tropez, Marbella 4 Government / Religious Centers - D.C., Brasilia, Vatican City 4 Education Centers – Berkeley, Massachusetts

Ancient World Cities Oldest cities are found in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. Mediterranean (Culture) F Athens 2,500 B.C. F 1st city to exceed 100,000 Ancient Athens

Feudalism During MEDIEVAL TIMES (14 th - 15 th cents), in a broad sense, refers to the relationship among European nobles. Ex: granting of fiefs (lands) (for labor) (towns? Cities?), in return for political and military favors. Seignorialism: relation(s) between European lords and their peasants.

Medieval World Cities After collapse of Roman Empire in 5th cent, European cities were diminished/abandoned. European Feudal Cities F Began in 11th Century F Independent cities formed in exchange for military service to/among feudal lord. F Improved roads encouraged trade F Dense and compact within defensive walls Cittadella, Italy Paris, France

Modern World Cities A high percentage of world’s business is transacted and political power is concentrated in cities. F Headquarters of large businesses F Media control centers F Access to political power Ex.: London, New York, Tokyo… FChicago, Los Angeles FBrussels, Berlin, Paris, Zurich, & Sao Paulo

Urban Planning Urban planning (UP): branch of architecture dealing with the design and organization of urban space(s) and activities. UP is composed of: §land use planning: orders and regulates the use of land in an efficient and ethical way, preventing land use conflicts. § transport planning: the evaluation, assessment, and design of transportation facilities (streets, highways, and public transportation).

Sprawl (1/3) The spreading outwards of a city to its outskirts.

Sprawl: disadvantages (2/3) §High car dependence §Inadequate facilities (cultural, emergency, health) §Inefficient street layouts §Lost time and productivity for commuting §High rates of obesity due to less walking and biking §Less space for parks §High use of energy, land, and water

Ex of “sprawl” (3/3): San José, CA

Smart Growth Growth in compact, walkable, there are urban centers, to avoid sprawl and advocates for compact, bicycle-friendly, & land use. Ex: neighborhood schools, and complete streets.

Urban Planning Urban Planning Building Better Cities How to Make a Great City F Famous Planned Cities FBrasilia, Brazil FHavana, Cuba FWashington, D.C. F Smart Growth F Pedestrian Friendly F Increase Density F Mixed Ethnic and Income Groups

Largest World Cities Ten Most Populous Today ???

Megalopolis (1/2) Megalopolis (Μεγαλόπολις, 371 BC; 1825–35: megalo- + polis): Greek for “great city”. An urban region consisting of several large cities and suburbs that adjoin each other. Ex: the East Coast of the US, from Boston to Washington, D.C.

Megalopolis: another example (2/2)

Cities in Crisis: urban problems U.S. City Problems F Sprawl F commutes F environmental problems F tax flight F Racial and Economic Segregation Racial and Economic Segregation F schoolsschools F taxes

European Cities: result of very long histories 3Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles 3Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval 3Low skylines - many built before elevators, others required cathedral or monument to be highest structure 3Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work 3Neighborhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do. 3Scars of War - many wars, many cities originally defensive 3Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles