19 th Century Scientific Advances Chapter 24-3

Scientific ideas and methods were hugely popular after 1850 To many science almost a religion To many science almost a religion People could see how the link between science and technology improved their quality of life People could see how the link between science and technology improved their quality of life

The Bacteria Revolution had a huge impact in reducing mortality rate Louis Pasteur ( ) developed the germ theory of disease Louis Pasteur ( ) developed the germ theory of disease Pasteurization fermentation caused by the growth of living organisms could be suppressed by heating the beverage Pasteurization fermentation caused by the growth of living organisms could be suppressed by heating the beverage Helped to reduce food poisoning Helped to reduce food poisoning

Bacteria Revolution continued Joseph Lister developed the “antiseptic principle” in performing surgeries Joseph Lister developed the “antiseptic principle” in performing surgeries = fewer dying from infection as a result of surgery = fewer dying from infection as a result of surgery Vaccines available for: typhoid, typhus, cholera, and yellow fever Vaccines available for: typhoid, typhus, cholera, and yellow fever

More Science Dmitri Mendeleev devised the Periodic Table giving us the rules of chemistry Dmitri Mendeleev devised the Periodic Table giving us the rules of chemistry Michael Faraday created the first dynamo (electric generator) Michael Faraday created the first dynamo (electric generator) Based on discoveries in 1830’s on electromagnetism Based on discoveries in 1830’s on electromagnetism Applied to development of electric motors, electric lights, electric streetcars Applied to development of electric motors, electric lights, electric streetcars

More Science August Comte Father of Sociology August Comte Father of Sociology Positivism all intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages Positivism all intellectual activity progresses through predictable stages So soon humans would discover the eternal laws of human relations through the study of sociology So soon humans would discover the eternal laws of human relations through the study of sociology And society could be regulated to benefit all And society could be regulated to benefit all

Even More Science Charles Darwin 1859 On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection Charles Darwin 1859 On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection Theory of Evolution: All life had gradually evolved from a single common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival Theory of Evolution: All life had gradually evolved from a single common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival The species most able to adapt survived The species most able to adapt survived Crisis in the Church: refuted the literal interpretation of the Bible in Genesis Crisis in the Church: refuted the literal interpretation of the Bible in Genesis

More Science Thomas Huxley (Darwin’s Bulldog) Darwin’s biggest supporter Thomas Huxley (Darwin’s Bulldog) Darwin’s biggest supporter Herbert Spencer Applied Darwin’s ideas to human society = Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer Applied Darwin’s ideas to human society = Social Darwinism “Survival of the Fittest” natural laws dictated why some are successful and others not “Survival of the Fittest” natural laws dictated why some are successful and others not Used by imperialists to justify the subjugation of other people Used by imperialists to justify the subjugation of other people Used by industrialists too Used by industrialists too Big support from Middle Class Big support from Middle Class

Sigmund Freud One of the three giants of mid-19 th century thought with Darwin and Marx One of the three giants of mid-19 th century thought with Darwin and Marx Founder of psychoanalysis: Believed hysteria in patients resulted from unhappy childhood experiences where the patient had repressed strong feelings (often sexual repression) Founder of psychoanalysis: Believed hysteria in patients resulted from unhappy childhood experiences where the patient had repressed strong feelings (often sexual repression) Patient could deal with issue when he understood it through hypnosis or free associatgion Patient could deal with issue when he understood it through hypnosis or free associatgion

Freud continued Freud believed that humans were IRRATIUONAL creatures putting his beliefs in conflict with Enlightenment thinkers Freud believed that humans were IRRATIUONAL creatures putting his beliefs in conflict with Enlightenment thinkers The Human Subconscious (the ID) is not subject to reason The Human Subconscious (the ID) is not subject to reason So people not as in control of their behaviors as one might think So people not as in control of their behaviors as one might think

More Freud Freud believed that sexuality was a key driving force in one’s psychological make-up Freud believed that sexuality was a key driving force in one’s psychological make-up So…repressed sexual desires would lead to psychological problems So…repressed sexual desires would lead to psychological problems There were some who justified skirt-chasing by claiming it was for the benefit of their mental health! There were some who justified skirt-chasing by claiming it was for the benefit of their mental health!

The New Physics Marie Curie discovered the first radioactive element in 1934…Radium…with some assistance from Pierre (husband) Marie Curie discovered the first radioactive element in 1934…Radium…with some assistance from Pierre (husband) Ernest Rutherford Split the atom in 1919 Ernest Rutherford Split the atom in 1919 Postulated: the structure of the atom had a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons Postulated: the structure of the atom had a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons

More Physics Max Planck Max Planck Quantum Theory: subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts called “quanta” Quantum Theory: subatomic energy is emitted in uneven little spurts called “quanta” Previously…belief that this energy was emitted in a steady stream Previously…belief that this energy was emitted in a steady stream SO…Laws governing the universe were NOT predictable SO…Laws governing the universe were NOT predictable

Physics Matter and energy could be different forms of the same thing! Matter and energy could be different forms of the same thing! Shook the foundations of 19 th century physics that viewed atoms as stable “building blocks” of matter of an indestructable nature Shook the foundations of 19 th century physics that viewed atoms as stable “building blocks” of matter of an indestructable nature

Albert Einstein Theory of Relativity of time and space 1905 Theory of Relativity of time and space Challenged Newtonian physics Challenged Newtonian physics Time and space are RELATIVE to the viewpoint of the observer…only the speed of light is constant Time and space are RELATIVE to the viewpoint of the observer…only the speed of light is constant No absolute truth? No absolute truth?

Einstein An infinate universe is united to an incredibly small, fast-moving subatomic world An infinate universe is united to an incredibly small, fast-moving subatomic world E=MC squared: Matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains an enormous amount of potential energy E=MC squared: Matter and energy are interchangeable and that even a particle of matter contains an enormous amount of potential energy

Impact of the New Science Darwin challenged the Bible’s account of creation Darwin challenged the Bible’s account of creation Freud undermined the belief that humans were rational and in control of their emotions Freud undermined the belief that humans were rational and in control of their emotions The New Physics shattered the belief that the universe could be understood and explained The New Physics shattered the belief that the universe could be understood and explained Einstein’s relativity challenged absolutes Einstein’s relativity challenged absolutes Above fed the pessimism of post WWI Europe Above fed the pessimism of post WWI Europe