Big Questions How were patterns of population changing in Big Era 7? In what ways did the fossil fuel revolution change the world? To what extent did the demand for democracy around the world lead to greater liberty and equality? 1

Big Questions Continued How did the communications revolution continue the “great global convergence” that we studied in Big Era 6? How did the changes that happened during Big Era 7 contribute to the rise of European dominance and greater global inequality? 2

3 Industrialization and Its Consequences CE Big Era Seven

4 A package! I love packages! Contents under pressure…I wonder what’s inside? To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

5 The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

6 The Modern Revolution Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together? Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels

7 For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before!

8 World Population, 400 BCE CE

9 But the growth was not equal everywhere! World Population in Big Era Seven

10 YearPopulation in Millions % of World Population World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined. For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900.

11 Growth of the Population of Boston , , , % 3,010%

12 Not only was the human population growing, it was moving.

13 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier

14 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750

15 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750

16 Major Global Migrations Europeans overseas including Siberia ,000,000 Africans to the Americas ,900,000 Asians overseas ,500,000

Stop here and write a summary paragraph of your notes 17

18 But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch!

19 5 watts Small wax candle, 800 BCE

20 Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100,000 watts

21 The Modern Revolution To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels That’s in the Package!

22 The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear

23 By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood…

24 The Fossil Fuel Revolution Over millions of years, ancient forests change into peat, then coal.

25 and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy…

26 Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835 People could produce more efficiently.

27 In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe?

28 Coal mine in the Rhondda valley in Wales

29 Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807 And travel more quickly.

30 George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive 1829 And travel more quickly

31 The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven

32 The Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation

33 The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships.

34 Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. U.S.A. Egypt India Russia

35 Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

36 Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone! And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too…

37 Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776). New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.

38 Sounds great! But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work? New economic ideas People should be able to buy and sell land freely. People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.

39 Improve public health. Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs. Standardize weights and measures.

40 Antiseptic medicine 1867 Transcontinental railroad 1869 Metric system 1790

Stop here and write a summary paragraph of your notes! We’ll continue tomorrow! 41

42 In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than ever before in people’s lives. And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too!

43 Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense (1775) New political ideas: People should be free to choose their government. Government should protect people’s liberties. People should have equal rights.

44 Sounds democratic! New political ideas A nation should be free to choose its government. Government should protect people’s liberties. People should have equal rights.

45 The Modern Revolution To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels It’s in the package too!

46 Governments created representative institutions. Governments wrote constitutions. Governments promoted education.

47 French National Assembly 1789 United States Constitution 1787 Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869

48 What happened if governments wouldn’t make these changes themselves?

49 Change the government! The Atlantic Revolutions United States 1776 Venezuela 1811 Haiti 1791 France 1789

50 In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism. United States 1776 Venezuela 1811 Haiti 1791 France 1789

51 Ascendancy of Liberalism What was it in the 19 th century?

52 Ascendancy of Liberalism Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent? Rational thought and behavior Civil freedoms and legal equality Rule of law Constitutional and limited government The right to vote and be educated Technical and scientific progress Free market economy Nationalism that advances the community of nations Enhancement of state power and centralization Increased state military and police power State-managed social welfare More efficient taxation State economic management Larger-scale economic enterprise Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism

53 Were these four 19 th -century leaders champions of Liberalism? Napoleon Bonaparte William Gladstone Mahmud II Porfirio Díaz

Stop here and write a summary paragraph of your notes 54

55 So much was changing so fast… How could people keep up?

56 People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly.

57 Railroad Steamboat Transatlantic cable Newspaper The Communication Revolution

58 The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel:  Walking - 5 km  Horse-drawn coach - 10 km  Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km  Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km  French rapid train km  Jet plane km

59 Railway Development in Europe 1840 1850

60 Railway Development in Europe 1880

61 Railway Construction in India

62 The Modern Revolution To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels Communication! It’s in the package!

63 The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990

64

Stop here and write a summary paragraph of your notes! We’ll finish this story tomorrow! 65

66 Powerful, but not equal. The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage.

67 Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center.

68 India, 1877 After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…

69 India, 1877 and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,

70 not to where it was needed most.

71 And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy.

72 And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

73 Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898 Sudanese dead, 10,000 British dead, 48

74 The European Moment Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: % % % But... duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80 yrs

75 Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments. Russia Mexico Japan Egypt

76 Russia Mexico Japan Egypt Modernize the army. Modernize the economy. Maintain independence.

Stop here and write a summary paragraph of your notes 77

78 The Modern Revolution To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels But the Modern Revolution comes in a package!

79 Once you open the package, you open the whole thing! The Modern Revolution Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

80 People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels,….

81 also learned about the democratic part of the Modern Revolution.

82 And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package.

83 And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package.

84 The Modern Revolution To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure Communication Revolution Democratic Politics Fossil Fuels I get it!

85 To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

86 The Modern Revolution promises many things to many people. No wonder the package is under pressure!

87 To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure And once the package is opened, the whole world jumps in!

88 To: Mundo CAUTION: Contents Under Pressure

89 The End Big Era Seven