Ch. 16 The Home Front

16.1 Mobilizing the Home Front

Four Freedoms “In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression--everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way--everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want--which, translated into universal terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants-everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear--which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor--anywhere in the world.” --President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Message to Congress, January 6, 1941

I. Building National Morale A. The Office of Civilian Defense raised morale by promoting protective measures OCD workers served as air raid wardens during blackouts.

I. Building National Morale…

Which of the following was NOT one of the duties of someone who worked for the Office of Civilian Defense? Fight fires Enforce blackouts Plant victory gardens Spot airplanes

I. Building National Morale… Other volunteers took on responsibilities during the war 1. Planted victory gardens "Well, it was just very difficult to transport fruit and vegetables and everything. Most of it that was raised in California, or wherever they were raised, was going to the troops. So we had to raise our own and bring it into the local grocery store. And, so, another part of the government effort was – they called them Victory Gardens. In the cities, and even in the country, they wanted everybody to have their own garden, to raise their own produce and maybe have enough that somebody that didn't have access to a garden had produce and things, because it wasn't available in the stores... "It was a great morale thing. And for young people like me, it was, you know, I could do my part. I was a part of the effort."

I. Building National Morale… 2. Collected scrap materials used to make weapons Everyday commodities were vital to the war effort, and drives were organized to recycle such things as rubber, tin, waste kitchen fats paper, lumber, and steel. Reminder - Pluto Cartoon

I. Building National Morale… The Office of War Information kept Americans informed about the war 1. Coordinated war news from all agencies 2. Encouraged the media to help Americans understand the progress of the war & govt. policies through propaganda Newsreel DVD

I. Building National Morale… Entertainment industry promoted the war by using propaganda in movies, comics, songs, and advertisements Paper Advertisement Air Raid Warden Leave the Dishes in the Sink

I. Building National Morale…

The oldest form of mass media used by the OWI was… Radio Posters Billboards Newspaper advertisements http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2I7rlmefA8

I. Building National Morale…

II. Staging a Production Miracle The War Production Board helped U.S. industry convert from civilian to war production Accomplished their goal in two steps 1. Industrialists produced military goods 2. Businesses built new plants to increase production

II. Staging a Production Miracle… C. As a result of the WPB, industrial production doubled, giving the U.S. a surplus of armaments aircraft ships defense non-defense

II. Staging a Production Miracle…

What impact did the war have on the Great Depression? It made it worse. It made people forget about the it. It ended it. There was no impact.

How many ships were built in the U.S. during the war? About 10,000 About 25,000 About 50,000 About 75,000

Chrysler Advertisement

Why did manufacturers such as Chrysler advertise about their wartime activities rather than their consumer products? Chrysler was not making cars during the war. People didn’t have money to buy cars. Most Americans were fighting overseas. Americans did not like Chrysler cars.

III. Directing a Wartime Economy Gross National Product, or the dollar value of all goods & services produced annually, more than doubled during the war 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46

III. Directing a Wartime Economy… In order to control wages & monitor inflation, the government set up the National War Labor Board 1. NWLB restricted hourly wages, not weekly earnings *Even with NWLB restrictions, how could workers still earn a good deal of money? 2. People were working more & making more money, and prices continued to rise

III. Directing a Wartime Economy… As prices continued to rise, the govt. created the Office of Price Administration to fix maximum prices 1. They used a system of rationing, which reduced demand, to keep prices down *Red stamps = meat, cheese, dairy products, etc. *Blue stamps = vegetables, canned fruits, etc.

RATIONING Rationing helped to reduce the demand for items such as gasoline. To learn how to use rationing stamps, these school children set up a booth with charts & products to figure out how to buy needed goods during the war.

III. Directing a Wartime Economy… The government paid for the war by… 1. Collecting taxes through monthly payroll deductions a. Revenue Act (1942) increased income taxes 2. Using advertisers & Hollywood stars to sell bonds WAR BONDS & STAMPS

The public school children of the South-Central District of Chicago purchased $263,148. 83 in war bonds and stamps...a huge check representing enough money for 125 jeeps, two pursuit planes and motorcycle.

Americans were encouraged to buy war bonds

IV. Recruiting New Workers During the war, women found jobs in defense industries 1. The fictional name for women who worked in these industries was “Rosie the Riveter”

Rosie the Riveter All the day long, Whether rain or shine, She's a part of the assembly line. She's making history, Working for victory, Rosie the Riveter. Keeps a sharp lookout for sabotage, Sitting up there on the fuselage. That little girl will do more than a male will do. Rosie's got a boyfriend, Charlie. Charlie, he's a Marine. Rosie is protecting Charlie, Working overtime on the riveting machine When they gave her a production "E", She was as proud as she could be, There's something true about, Red, white, and blue about, Rosie the Riveter -Redd Evans & John Jacob Leob, 1942

IV. Recruiting New Workers… Women in the workforce suffered from two disadvantages 1. They received 60% less pay than men 2. They had little job security and most lost their jobs after the war

Women also served in the Army Nurse Corps and the Women’s Army Corps

What organization kept Americans informed about the war? Office of Civilian Defense War Production Board Office of War Information Office of Price Administration

A popular song claimed that women were “making history working for victory.” In what way did women make history during the war? Performed jobs in heavy industries. Planted victory gardens Served in combat positions Worked in white-collar jobs

Which of the following was promoted through the Office of Civilian Defense? Enforcing blackouts Planting victory gardens Producing cartoons Rationing food

Which of the following was NOT one of the ways the media promoted the war? Comics Songs Movies TV Shows

Which of the following items were Americans NOT encouraged to salvage? Paper Cooking Oil Metal Water

Which organization fixed maximum prices? Office of Civilian Defense War Production Board National War Labor Board Office of Price Administration

Which organization controlled wages & monitored inflation? Office of Civilian Defense War Production Board National War Labor Board Office of Price Administration

The Revenue Act was responsible for… Creating and selling war bonds Raising income taxes Collecting income taxes Paying workers overtime hours

Stars & celebrities contributed to the war effort by… Promoting war bonds Donating money Serving in the military Working in defense industries

AFRICAN AMERICANS WERE RECRUITED FIRST BLACK MARINE RECRUIT, WILLIAM BALDWIN AFRICAN AMERICAN MARINES IN DRESS UNIFORM

TUSKEGEE AIRMEN

THEY WERE THE MOST HIGHLY DECORATED UNIT IN THE MILITARY THE 442ND INFANTRY UNIT WAS MADE UP OF JAPANESE AMERICANS

THE NAVAJO CODE TALKERS HELPED MAINTAIN SECURITY BY TRANSMITTING ORDERS IN A NAVAJO CODE THAT THE JAPANESE WERE UNABLE TO BREAK