How it happens and how it affects us. Climate Change: How it happens and how it affects us.

Objectives Given information about climate change, you will be able to: Define climate Explain causes of climate change Describe how climate has changed in the past Diagram the greenhouse effect Postulate what future climate will look like Discuss effects on humans now and into the future Decide on what you can do about it

Outline What is climate? What makes the climate change? How has climate changed in the past? Human caused climate change: the greenhouse effect. Have we changed the climate? What will the future climate look like? How will climate change affect people? What can we do about it?

1. What is climate? Climate is an average of weather (Temperature, Rainfall...) over a “long” time (more than 2-3 weeks). Weather and Climate in Seattle: weather climate (average min/max)

2. What makes climate change? Changes in the sun Changes in the earth's orbit Changes in the clouds Changes in ice sheets Volcanic eruptions Changes in the gases in the atmosphere (Greenhouse effect) Internal Wiggles (for example El Nino) Some cause bigger changes, some cause small changes Some cause slower changes, some cause fast changes Some cause changes that last, some cause changes that go away fast

3. How has climate changed in the past? Ice Ages Big swings in climate over 100,000 yrs Occurred over last million years Advance and retreat of ice sheets We are in between ice ages right now 21 thousand years ago Now

3. How has climate changed in the past? Eocene Warm Period 50 million years ago Palm trees in Puget Sound Crocodiles in the Arctic

4. Human-forced climate change Climate changes can be natural or human caused. Humans can affect the climate by changing the gases in the atmosphere. (greenhouse effect).

4. Human-forced climate change The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect: certain “greenhouse” gases in the atmosphere permit sunlight to pass through the atmosphere, but absorb much of the infrared (heat) radiation from Earth’s surface. The atmosphere warms, and radiates additional heat to the surface. The planet’s temperature is therefore higher than it would be without greenhouse gases, and it stands to reason that adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere is likely to warm the planet.

4. Human-forced climate change Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas Human burning of fossil fuels, and plants releases CO2

5. Have we changed the climate? Changes in global temperature over the last 125 years

5. Have we changed the climate? Changes in global temperature over the last 1,000 years This figure, taken from the IPCC report, compares the instrumental record of northern hemisphere temperature (red) with temperature reconstructed using data from tree rings and other “proxy” data. Viewed in this context, the warming of the 20th century appears to be well outside the natural range of variability – indeed, the IPCC said that the 20th century warming is “likely [judged 66-90% chance of being true] to have been the largest of any century during the past 1,000 years.”

5. Have we changed the climate? Everywhere (almost) is warming!

5. Have we changed the climate? Glaciers are retreating all over the world The South Cascade glacier retreated dramatically in the 20th century 1928 These pictures show the South Cascade glacier in 1928 and 2000. The glacier has retreated and thinned substantially, leaving a glacial lake in its place. Glacial retreats have occurred around the world. Courtesy of the USGS glacier group 2000

5. Have we changed the climate? Global Climate Models Use a computer to make a “model” of the earth Tell the computer how to force the climate Use science to come up with equations at points on the earth that tell what the temperature, winds,.. are and how they change Use “hindcasting” techniques to validate/verify modelling for accuracy Change things around and see what happens – iteration process

All Climate Influences (Including Human Effects) 5. Have we changed the climate? Climate models capture the last 100 year's warming only if we include the human effects Various groups of researchers have attempted to simulate the 20th century climate using “climate models”, sophisticated computer programs that represent the laws of physics as they apply to the Earth’s atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice. This figure shows one such study in which a climate model was run several times with natural climate influences (solar variations, volcanic eruptions), human climate influences (greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols), and both kinds of influences. The best simulation of the 20th century climate uses all climate influences. In particular, the warming of the last 30 years (when human climate influence is expected to have grown strongest) Natural Climate Influence (No Human Effects Included) All Climate Influences (Including Human Effects)

6. What will the future climate look like? Global warming due to greenhouse gases will continue for many years even if we stop releasing CO2 How much warming occurs depends on what societies and businesses decide about how much fuel they burn We use climate models to predict what might happen in different cases

6. What will the future climate look like? The IPCC came up with a range of future scenarios of CO2 emissions, leading to a wide range of projected temperature changes. At the top end (5.8C) you have to assume extreme growth in CO2 emissions combined with very high sensitivity of climate to greenhouse gases, more than what is consistent with the observed 20th century warming. Likewise, the low end is probably also unrealistic without significant policy efforts. Mid-century the likely warming is about 1C. Beyond that the envelope widens substantially, dependent largely on socioeconomic development. The warming continues beyond 2100. Stabilizing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere does not immediately stabilize climate: that would take many more decades. IPCC (www.ipcc.ch)

6. What will the future climate look like? Changes are greater in far north / south Changes in rain and snow are likely, but not as well understood In CA snowpack will melt earlier

7. How will climate change affect people? 1. Understanding: Good Everywhere: Sea-level rise Ecosystem change effect on species effect on farming Melting of polar ice effect on shipping effect on wildlife Coral death (temp, acid) CA: Less mountain snow Less water to go around in the summer Coastal flooding (Delta) Harder for Salmon to survive in freshwater Longer fire season

7. How will climate change affect people? 2. Understanding: Medium Everywhere: Increase in intensity of hurricanes Increase in droughts in some places Increase in intense rain in some places CA: Changes in how well forests grow Increased habitat for pests Farming: some crops will grow better, some will grow worse US Geological Survey

7. How will climate change affect people?

7. How will climate change affect people? 3. Understanding: Low Everywhere: How will humans react Surprise changes CA Increased winter flooding Increased landslides Overall forest health Coastal erosion

8. What can we do about it? Top Ten Things You Can Do To Reduce Global Warming: 1. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle 2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning 3. Change a Light Bulb 4. Drive Less and Drive Smart 5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products 6. Use Less Hot Water 7. Use the "Off" Switch 8. Plant a Tree 9. Get a Report Card From Your Utility Company (PG&E) 10. Encourage Others to Conserve

Summary Climate is an average of weather Climate changes due to: sun, earth’s orbit, clouds, ice sheets, volcanoes, atmospheric gases, and internal “wiggles” Climate has been both warmer and colder in past Humans are changing the Climate In the Future: sea level rise, ecosystem changes, ice cap melting, coral death, other effects less understood at this point What we can do: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Educate Others