20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations CANADA AND THE WORLD HISTORY 3040 Dr. Curtis Cole Trent University in Oshawa March 22, 2009

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Robert Borden Prime Minister, 1911-1920 Defeated Reciprocity, 1911

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations The Depression Protectionism U.S. Hawley-Smoot tariff, 1930 High Canadian Tariff Herbert Hoover U.S. President, 1929-33 R.B. Bennett Canadian Prime Minister, 1930-35

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations World War Two Hyde Park Declaration, 1941 Mackenzie King and Roosevelt

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Hyde Park Declaration, 1941 Canada: “the 49th state”? In wartime we [shared], under the Hyde Park Agreement, the things needed to keep the production of both countries at the highest level. It worked, and made no small contribution to victory. If this . . . was good in war—good for both countries and good for our allies—why should we not with profit continue the same principle . . . indefinitely? Hume Wrong, 1948 Hume Wrong Canadian Ambassador to the United States

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Hyde Park Declaration, 1941 Canada: “the 49th state”? In wartime we [shared], under the Hyde Park Agreement, the things needed to keep the production of both countries at the highest level. It worked, and made no small contribution to victory. If this . . . was good in war—good for both countries and good for our allies—why should we not with profit continue the same principle . . . indefinitely? Hume Wrong Canadian Ambassador to the United States Hume Wrong, 1948 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1948

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations W.M.L. Mackenzie King Liberal Leader 1927-1938 Prime Minister 1921-1926, 1926-1930, 1935-1948 Rejected Free Trade with U.S. in 1948 Retired Nov., 1948

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Louis St. Laurent MP 1941 Minister of Justice Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1946 Prime Minister, 1948

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Lester B. Pearson Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1948 Ambassador to the U.S., 1945-46 Deputy Minister, 1946-48

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Lester B. Pearson Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, 1948 Ambassador to the U.S., 1945-46 Deputy Minister, 1946-48 NATO, 1949 NORAD, 1958 St. Lawrence Seaway, 1959

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Massey Report, 1948 Vincent Massey Governor-General, 1952-59

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations John Diefenbaker Prime Minister, 1957-63 Diefenbaker and Kennedy, 1961

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Diefenbaker and Kennedy, 1961 Foreign ownership U.S. proportion of foreign ownership in Canada: 1900: 13.6% 1950: 75.5% oil and gas: 60% mining: 50% manufacturing: 50% auto industry: 100%

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Governor, Bank of Canada, 1955-61 Foreign ownership U.S. proportion of foreign ownership in Canada: 1900: 13.6% 1950: 75.5% oil and gas: 60% mining: 50% manufacturing: 50% auto industry: 100% James Coyne Governor, Bank of Canada, 1955-61 Donald Fleming Minister of Finance, 1957-62

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations John Diefenbaker Defense Policy NORAD Livingston Merchant

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Kennedy and Diefenbaker, Ottawa 1961

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Lester B. Pearson, Prime Minister 1963-1968

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Pearson and Johnson, 1967

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Nixon and Trudeau, 1972

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Mulroney and Reagan, 1985

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Mel Watkins Waffle movement of the N.D.P. David Lewis - N.D.P. Leader 1971 James Laxer

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Herb Gray - Min. of Natl. Revenue Task Force on Foreign Ownership, 1971 Canada Development Corp. 1971 Foreign Investment Review Agency 1974 Pierre Trudeau Prime Minister, 1968-79, 80-84

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations Crown Corporations Canadair, 1976 De Haviland, 1974 Petro Canada, 1975 National Energy Program, 1980 Pierre Trudeau Prime Minister, 1968-79, 80-84

20th Century Canada-U.S. Relations FTA 1989 NAFTA 1994 Brian Mulroney Prime Minister, 1984-1993

The Modern Era: Part Two HISTORY 3040 CANADA AND THE WORLD NEXT WEEK The Modern Era: Part Two Reading: Bothwell, 332-393