Social Studies Survey Articles of Confederation to the Constitution

FederalConfederation Unitary All key powers are held by the central government State/regional authorities hold most of the power Strong central government Weaker central government

 Unitary System: system of government that gives all key power to the national or central government.  Examples: Early Great Britain and France

Central Authority Unitary Ways Government Distributes Power Regional Authority

List of Unitary States Afghanistan Albania Abkhazia Algeria Angola Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile People's Republic of China Colombia Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa) Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea

List of Unitary States Eritrea Estonia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Maldives

List of Unitary States Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger North Korea Norway Oman Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Rwanda Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia

List of Unitary States Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Republic of China (Taiwan) Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

 government that divides the powers between the national and state or provincial governments.  Examples: United States, Canada, and Russia

Federation / Federal Ways Government Distributes Power Regional Authority Central Authority Regional Authority

List of countries with Federal Governments (24) Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Canada Comoros Ethiopia Germany India Malaysia Mexico Micronesia Nigeria Pakistan Russia St. Kitts and Nevis South Africa Spain Switzerland United Arab Emirates United States of America Venezuela Countries in Transition to Federalism Iraq Sudan Countries Considering a Federal System Sri Lanka

 a loose union of indepen- dent states

Central Authority Confederation Ways Government Distributes Power Regional Authority

 First adopted by Continental Congress in 1777  Ratified- approved, in March 1781  States wanted a confederation among the 13 states instead of a strong national government  Congress was the entire government; no federal executive or court

 Congress had only powers expressed in the Articles  All other power remained with the States

1. Make War and Peace 2. Send and receive ambassadors 3. Enter into treaties 4. Raise and equip a navy 5. Maintain army by help of states 6. Appoint senior military officers 7. Fix standard of weights and measures 8. Regulate Indian affairs 9. Establish Post offices 10. Decide certain disputes among states

1) Congress did not have the power to levy or collect taxes  It could only raise money by borrowing or requesting money

2) Congress has no power to enforce treaties

3) Every state, despite its size, has one vote

4) Congress did not have the power to regulate commerce

5) Amending the articles required all consent of all states  The articles were never amended

 Greatest achievement was of a land policy for lands west of Appalachia  Individual states ceded or yielded their claims to the central government  Congress enacted two land Ordinances- laws

1. Ordinance of survey and division of West lands by townships 2. Northwest Ordinance of territories to be developed for statehood on equal basis w/old states

1. Single territory with Pennsylvania, Ohio River, Mississippi River, and Great Lakes as boundaries 2. 5,000 adults- ability to elect an assembly 3. 60,000 adults- apply for statehood on equal basis as older states

 Provided a government to get us through American Revolution  In 1783, negotiated a peace treaty with Great Britain and recognized American Independence  4 Cabinet departments: Foreign Affairs, War, Marine, and Treasury

 States quarrel over boundary lines and deal with foreign nations  1787 government owed $40 million to foreign governments and Revolutionary war vets

 Armed groups of farmers, led by Daniel Shays, closed courts to prevent farms from being foreclosed  Were advancing to arsenal in Springfield before they were met by 4,000 militia  People began to wonder if a stronger government was necessary

 “This dreadful situation has alarmed every man of principle and property in New England. What will give us security against the violence of lawless men? Our government must be (strengthened), changed, or altered to secure our lives and property.” ----Henry Knox

 Concerned about problems between the states of Maryland and Virginia, George Washington called the Mount Vernon Convention to discuss commerce  When only 5 delegates showed up, Alexander Hamilton proposed they meet again in 1787 at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation

 CcbD8 CcbD8  John Greene Crash Course #8

55 total delegates Oldest delegate and signer: Benjamin Franklin President of Convention: George Washington “Father of the Constitution”: James Madison All meetings were closed Rhode Island was last state to ratify Constitution Constitution finished and signed on September 17, 1787.

 Limited and Representative Government  Power divided between 3 branches  Limit power of state to coin money  Strengthen National Government

5 Compromises that changed our national identity and government gov/themes/government/convention.htm

1) Virginia Plan (bigger states)-  Scrap Articles  Congress has two houses (each based on Population) 2) New Jersey Plan (smaller states)-  equality for smaller states  Congress has single house  keep Articles but create stronger central government

Legislature have two parts: 1. House of Representatives- based on population 2. Senate-Two per state (elected by state legislators)

1/3 of southern states were African American South wanted to count slaves as population but not for taxes, North wanted opposite 3/5 of the enslaved people would be counted for both taxes and population

North wanted government to regulate trade with other nations, South afraid they would interfere with slave trade Could not ban slave trade till 1808

Congress regulated interstate and foreign commerce Could not impose export taxes because South feared Congress would cripple their economy

Electoral College System: indirect election of president by state electors Presidents will serve 4 year terms No limit on term limits (will be changed with 22 amendment in 1951)

FEDERALIST VIEWANTI-FEDERALIST VIEW  Favored the Constitution  Merchants and Cities  Strong national government  Bill of Rights not needed, 8 states already had one Opposed the Constitution Farmers and Laborers Constitution drafted in secrecy Extralegal (not sanctioned by law) States Rights Wanted a Bill of Rights

FEDERALISTANTI-FEDERALIST