What does it mean to be organic in Earth Science? Popular culture? In Home Decorating?

 is the chemistry of the compounds of Carbon.  occur extensively in nature.  All living things are mainly composed of carbon.  Muy importante: Carbon is able to form four covalent bonds with other atoms and even other carbons.

 Solubility: are nonpolar and tend to dissolve in nonpolar solutions. (Like Dissolve Like)  are generally not soluble in water.  are generally non-electrolytes.  The organic acids, that are electrolytes, are very weak.

 have low melting points.  have very slow reactions.  Are usually sped up by adding a catalyst. Usually H 2 SO 4(aq)  have strong covalent bonds

 forms four covalent bonds  form a tetrahedron shape around the Carbon nucleus  Carbon atoms share electrons w/each other  Carbon atoms can share more than one electron forming double and triple bonds

 The covalent bond is usually represented by a short dash or line representing one pair of shared electrons.  In organic chemistry, up to three dashes may be connected between each Carbon atom.  It is important to remember that molecules and organic compounds are in 3D, (but we will usually represent them as if they were pressed flat on the paper or chalk board.)

 Are molecules made up exclusively of hydrogen and carbon  Are named, according to IUPAC, by the number of carbons in the compound.  See reference table P

PART II

 A Saturated Compound is formed when ALL carbon atoms are joined by a SINGLE BOND  An Unsaturated Compound is formed when carbon atoms are joined by one or more Double or Triple BONDS

 All SINGLE BONDS  saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula of C n H 2n+2 (n= # of Carbons)  Also called the Methane Series or Paraffin Series  The suffix is “-ane”

 Contain one Double Bond  Therefore are Unsaturated Hydrocarbons  Follow the Formula C n H 2n  Suffix is “-ene”

 Contain one Triple Bond  Therefore are unsaturated Hydrocarbons  Follow Formula C n H 2n-2  Have Suffix “-yne” So you must memorize all that, right?

 No, of course not, crack out your trusty reference tables…

 organic compounds can be classified into groups with related structures &properties.  These groups are called a Homologous Series  Each member of a Series differs from the preceding member by a common increment, usually a -CH 2 -.

 As the members of a Homologous Series increase in molecular size;  Boiling Point increases due to more Van der Waals forces  Freezing Point increases due to more Van der Waals forces  Homologous Series of hydrocarbons include the Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatics.

 compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structure.  The compounds;  CH 3 CH 2 CHO (propanal)  CH 3 COCH 3 (acetone)

 What would an Alkadiene contain?  Hydrocarbon with TWO Double Bonds  Suffix is “-diene” (2 enes)  Alkadienes are isomers with Alkynes  When they put these on the exam they expect you to get them wrong. They are called “discriminator questions”

 When bonding something besides hydrogen to the carbon it dramatically changes how the molecule behaves.  The general categories can have all kinds of carbons and hydrogens bonded on the end but as long as they have the functional group they are THAT kind of molecule

 Have one double or triple bond

 Have more than one double or triple bond

 Polymerization is the formation of a large molecule from smaller molecules.

 Composed of many repeating units called monomers  Starch, Cellulose, and proteins are natura l polymers  Nylon and polyethylene are synthetic poly mers  Polymerization is the process of joining monomers  PVC stand for poly vinyl chloride…

 1 Polyethylene Terephthalate  2 High Density Polyethylene  3 Vinyl  4 Low Density Polyethylene  5 Polypropylene  6 Polystyrene  7 usually mixed, hard to recycle.

 When long chains of carbons bond to form a ring  Named after the number of carbons in the ring

 Contain what is called a “Benzene Ring” which is a cyclohexane with internal double bonds so there are six carbons and six hydrogens.