Imperialism Old & New Imperialism

Imperialism Definition: the control of one people by another (can be political, economic or cultural) Old vs. New Imperialism

“Old Imperialism” Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries European powers did not usually acquire territory (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers. Economic penetration of non-European regions in the 19th century

New Imperialism Began in 1870s colonized Asia and Africa by using military force to take control of local governments Exploiting local economies for raw materials required by Europe’s growing industry Imposing Western values to benefit the “backwards” colonies.

Japan Only major Asian power to resist being swallowed up by the imperialists. Commodore Matthew Perry (U.S.): forced Japan to open trade in 1853

Japan Unlike China, Japan quickly modernized and became an imperial power by late 19th century Meiji Restoration, 1867: resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West

Russo-Japanese War (1904) Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea Japanese concerned about Russian Trans- Siberian Railway across Manchuria Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land subsequently. Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth (mediated by U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, Russian Revolution, and revolt of Asia in 20th century (Asians hoped to emulate Japan power and win their independence); annexation of Korea

Asia France: Jules Ferry – Indochina Britain: Burma, Malay Peninsula, North Borneo Germany: certain Pacific islands Russia: Persia, outlying provinces of China Spanish-American War, 1898: U.S. defeated Spain, took Philippines, Guam, Hawaii. Responses to Western Imperialism in Asia India was the jewel of the British Empire Mogul Empire: Muslims empire in Indian subcontinent fell apart in the 17th century

US Secured unequal treaty with Samoa for naval station Agreed to share between US, Brit and Germany US sugar planters overthrew Queen Liliukalani and asked US govern to take over Helped Philippines against Spain and then took it – modernized Philippines.

Siam- buffer between France and Britain’s empires. Survives as King Mongkut studied west Learned languages, modern science and math Reformed government and modernized army Hired westerners to modernize Allowed some women’s rights and abolished slavery

Canada 1763 France lost Canada to Britain 1791 Brit created 2 provinces English speaking and French speaking Durham Report reunited Canada with elected representative body for domestic issues. Britain for foreign affairs and trade Dominion of Canada – British crown but almost full self government.

Canada Native peoples pushed into western area Rule by European descendants Modernization Immigration from all over French speaking Canadians wanted own state

Australia 1770s US revolution closed US to Britain as penal colony 1770 Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain as used for convicts st convicts sent for stealing bread, books etc and had to clear land to build offers of free land to settlers

Australia 1851 Gold Rush brought more people Settled as ranchers and farmers Worry about other Western powers claiming Australia, Britain gave self rule 1901 Commonwealth of Australia with Britain monarch. (British descendants) Votes for women and secret ballot.

New Zealand 1769 claimed by Captain Cook Missionaries arrived Settlers attracted by climate and soil. Maoris fought but eventually lost and population fell 1907 NZ demanded self rule and as govern would be all Brit descendents won it st votes for women

Wht? Why Canada, Australia and New Zealand little trouble getting independence from Britain?

Latin America Had already been colonized in 1700s by Spain, Portugal, Dutch, Brit, France By 1840 had won independence and set up own countries. Inequalities of class, limited rights, weakened by regionalism Local leaders (caudillos) with private armies

Latin America Power struggles, corruption Britain and US trying to replace Spain and Portugal economically with trade etc. Economic success but money at top of society Mestizos, mulattoes, blacks and native Indios suffered the most

Latin America and US Monroe Doctrine – European countries stay out of political affairs of Americas. War for Texas won by USA. Reforms in Mexico attempted US war with Spain gave US Puerto Rico, bases in Cuba and rights for Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary claimed international police power in Americas.

European Migration Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people left Europe Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited areas: North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, and Siberia. European migration provided further impetus for Western expansion Most were poor from rural areas, though seldom from the poorest classes (due to oppressive land policies)

England’s Empire By 1900, Britain controlled 1/5 of world's territory: including Australia, Canada, India "The Empire upon which the sun never sets": Possible to travel around world by railroad & sea, moving only through British territories.

Anti-Imperialism? J. A. Hobson believed imperialism benefited only the wealthy anti-imperialism increased

Impact of Imperialism See text book Ch 13 section 5.