By Mrs. Shaw

 The 4 main macromolecules (molecules found in larger quantities in living things) of living things are  Carbohydrates – primary energy source  Lipids – help waterproof our cells  Proteins – help regulates cell processes and chemical reactions  Nucleic acids – Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information.

 Prokaryotes are simple, very small, lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, and are able to carry out all of life’s functions within a single cell.  Most common example is bacteria.

 Eukaryotes are complex, larger, cells that have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Most eukaryotic organisms require many cells to carry out all of life’s functions.  Some examples include protozoans, algae, all plants, and all animals. Simple Complex

 Photosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use light to MAKE their own food. (glucose a carbohydrate)

 Chemosynthesis: autotrophic organisms use chemicals to MAKE their own food. (glucose a carbohydrate)

 Cellular Respiration: ALL organisms take the glucose and create energy (ATP) for all the functions of a cell.  It happens in the Mitochondria of ALL eukaryotic cells and in the plasma (cell) membrane of prokaryotic cells  Some organisms require Oxygen for cellular respiration (aerobic) and some do not require Oxygen (anaerobic)

 Some of them produce Oxygen through photosynthesis  They directly or indirectly feed most living organisms.  They help recycle nutrients from decaying organisms back into the atmosphere, water, and soil.

◦ Biologists recognize three main classes of symbiotic relationships in nature: mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. ◦ together.” Notes

Mutualism: When both organisms benefit + Parasitism: when one benefits and the other is harmed +  Commensalism: When one organism benefits and the other is not effected +  Notes

Body divided in 2 halves Circular symmetry No pattern

The 4 Kingdoms of Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Examples: algae and protozoans Examples: molds and mushrooms Examples – ALL PLANTS Examples: ALL ANIMALS

 Osculum – Large central opening that water flows out of ◦ Gas exchange, excretion, feeding, & reproduction all depend on water flow  Atrium – central open cavity  Ostia – Pores water flows into

 Spongin ◦ Elastic protein in the sponge body

 Spicules ◦ skeletal structure – gives support ◦ embedded in body ◦ made up of silica or calcium

 Choanocyte (collar cell) ◦ collar traps food particles ◦ flagella creates water flow

1. _____________________ the open central cavity of a sponge 2. _______________ the soft protein network that makes the sponge flexible 3. _____________________ type of asexual reproduction in sponges where buds form on adult sponges 4. _______________ pores that filter water into the sponge 5. _____________________ opening at the top of sponge where water comes out 6. ______________________ harder structure that provide support and protection 7. __________________ also called collar cells, function to circulate water

Types of Asexual Reproduction:  Binary Fission: means “division in half” and refers to the method where cells divide into two nearly identical daughter cells. Most common in prokaryotes (bacteria)  Budding: new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one due to cell division at one particular site. The new organism remains attached as it grows, separating from the parent organism only when it is mature. Modes of Reproductio n Budding Binary Fission

 Have two body plans – medusa and polyp  Have stinging cells called nematocysts

 Divide the class into 4 groups. Each student puts their name into one of the bins.  We will take turns answering questions between the two teams. I will choose the student from the bin and then they will be asked a question.  If the student gets the question correct then their team gets 1 point. They then get to shoot the trashketball either from location X for a 3 point throw or location Y for a 1 point throw.

 What type of organism is classified under Phylum Porifera?

 What Phylum are jellyfish classified under?

 What is another term for decay bacteria?

 What type of symmetry do humans have?

 The pores on the side of a sponge that let water in are called______________.

 The open central cavity in a sponge is called the _________________.

 Cnidarians have two basic body plans _________________ and _____________________.

 The fingerlike projections in a cnidarian where the nematocysts are located are called _____________________.

 What kingdom are algae classified under?

 Why are microorganisms like Cyanobacteria and Photosynthetic Algae so important to us?

 Place your wager for the final question.  You may discuss it with your team

 List the 3 functions of microorganisms that we discussed.

 Mollusca means soft bodied. Molluscs are unique because they have a mantle, radula (except bivalves), and a muscular foot.  1. List the three classes of molluscs that we studied and give an example of each.  Class Gastropoda – snails Class Bivalvia – oysters and clams  Class Cephalopoda – octopus and squid

 What 3 things make an Arthropod unique? ◦ Jointed appendages ◦ Exoskeleton  Made of chitin (like your fingernails)  Does not grow with the animal ◦ Molting  Process of shedding the exoskeleton so that the animal can grow bigger ◦ Examples: Common names: crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp, crawfish, horseshoe crab

What 3 things make an Echinoderm unique? ◦ Water vascular system  Series of tubes that contain water which control tube feet ◦ Tube feet  Muscular extensions of the water vascular system ◦ Pedicellaria  Pincher like appendages used for defense  Examples: sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins

1. List 3 reasons why seagrasses and mangroves are so important in aquatic ecosystems. They create oxygen through photosynthesis, they are a nursery ground for many organisms, they help prevent erosion. 2. Know the diagram of the seagrass structure on the right.

 What are the three types of mangroves we studied and where do the live in relation to the water. In the water____________ on the shoreline_____________ on land_____________

 Define prop root, pneumatophore, and propagule.  __________________________The fertilized seed of a mangrove plant containing an embryo and capable of germination to produce a new plant.  _________________________ Above ground roots that provide mechanical support to the plant.  ________________________ A root often functioning as a respiratory organ in a wetland plant.

What 4 things make a Chordate unique? Notochord  supportive rod that extends most of the length of the body and into tail; dorsal to body cavity Pharyngeal gill slits  openings between pharynx and outside of body Tubular nerve cord  hollow portion filled w/fluid Post anal tail  extension of nerve cord and notochord past anus Examples: All fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

 Get into groups of 2-3 and grab a whiteboard and a dry erase marker.  Put your study guide away

 List 3 reasons why seagrasses and mangroves are so important in aquatic ecosystems.

 What are the three types of mangroves we studied and where do they live in relation to the water?

 Differentiate between a pneumatophore and a propagule.

 List the three classes of molluscs that we studied and give an example of each.

 List 2 things make an Arthropod unique and give an example of an arthropod.

 List 2 things make an Echinoderm unique and give an example of an echinoderm.

 List 2 things make an Chordate unique and give an example of a marine chordate.

 What Phylum is this organism classified under?

 Final Jeopardy – place your wager on the final question

 In the movie Blackfish, we learned that it is both harmful and unsafe to keep Killer Whales in captivity. List 3 facts that they used in the documentary to help support this claim.