PLANT NOTES Part 1

Plant Diversity Plants are members of the Kingdom ______. They are classified as eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls made of cellulose & carry out photosynthesis using the green pigment ______.

Plant Diversity Plants are members of the Kingdom Plantae. They are classified as eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls made of cellulose & carry out photosynthesis using the green pigment ______.

Plant Diversity Plants are members of the Kingdom Plantae. They are classified as eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls made of cellulose & carry out photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll.

Plant Diversity Members of Kingdom Plantae include trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses & ferns. Most plants are autotrophic, however there are a few ______ that live on & feed off of decaying matter.

Plant Diversity Members of Kingdom Plantae include trees, shrubs, grasses, mosses & ferns. Most plants are autotrophic, however there are a few parasites that live on & feed off of decaying matter.

What Plants Need to Survive ______ – they use energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis. ______ & minerals – are necessary for plants to perform photosynthesis and are absorbed from the soil.

What Plants Need to Survive Sunlight – they use energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis. ______ & minerals – are necessary for plants to perform photosynthesis and are absorbed from the soil.

What Plants Need to Survive Sunlight – they use energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis. Water & minerals – are necessary for plants to perform photosynthesis and are absorbed from the soil.

What Plants Need to Survive ______ exchange – plants require oxygen to support cellular respiration and carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis. Movement of water & ______ – plants take in water & nutrients from the soil through their roots to the rest of the plant.

What Plants Need to Survive Gas exchange – plants require oxygen to support cellular respiration and carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis. Movement of water & ______ – plants take in water & nutrients from the soil through their roots to the rest of the plant.

What Plants Need to Survive Gas exchange – plants require oxygen to support cellular respiration and carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis. Movement of water & nutrients – plants take in water & nutrients from the soil through their roots to the rest of the plant.

The Origin of Plants When plants first appeared on Earth, they changed its’ existence. With the emergence of plants, new ecosystems appeared and organic matter began to form ___.

The Origin of Plants When plants first appeared on Earth, they changed its’ existence. With the emergence of plants, new ecosystems appeared and organic matter began to form soil.

The Origin of Plants Plants had to evolve structures that allowed them to acquire, transport and conserve water in order to successfully exist in their new habitat. Most scientists agree that the first plants evolved from an organism that is similar to green _____, which you should recall is a plant-like protist.

The Origin of Plants Plants had to evolve structures that allowed them to acquire, transport and conserve water in order to successfully exist in their new habitat. Most scientists agree that the first plants evolved from an organism that is similar to green algae, which you should recall is a plant-like protist.

Plant Diversity BRYOPHYTES: Include ______ plants such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. These are classified as nonvascular & are found in moist, shaded areas.

Plant Diversity BRYOPHYTES: Include low-growing plants such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. These are classified as nonvascular & are found in moist, shaded areas.

Bryophytes Bryophytes depend on _____ for reproduction, as most of them produce sperm that must swim through water to reach eggs. Mosses (from Phylum Bryophyta) are the most common bryophytes, which grow most abundantly in areas with water like swamps, _____, near streams and in rain forests.

Bryophytes Bryophytes depend on water for reproduction, as most of them produce sperm that must swim through water to reach eggs. Mosses (from Phylum Bryophyta) are the most common bryophytes, which grow most abundantly in areas with water like swamps, _____, near streams and in rain forests.

Bryophytes Bryophytes depend on water for reproduction, as most of them produce sperm that must swim through water to reach eggs. Mosses (from Phylum Bryophyta) are the most common bryophytes, which grow most abundantly in areas with water like swamps, bogs, near streams and in rain forests.

Bryophytes Because they aren’t vascular, mosses don’t have true roots. Instead they have _______, which are long, thin cells that anchor them into the ground and absorb water & minerals.

Bryophytes Because they aren’t vascular, mosses don’t have true roots. Instead they have rhizoids, which are long, thin cells that anchor them into the ground and absorb water & minerals.

Bryophytes Humans use a particular moss from the genus Sphagnum, which we commonly call ____ moss. When it dries it can be cut from the ground and burned, or it can be used in gardening due to its’ sponge-like ability to hold water.

Bryophytes Humans use a particular moss from the genus Sphagnum, which we commonly call peat moss. When it dries it can be cut from the ground and burned, or it can be used in gardening due to its’ sponge-like ability to hold water.

Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular plants have a specialized __________ system with vascular tissue for conducting water & nutrients. Vascular plants contain a xylem layer (which transports water) and a phloem layer (which transports food like nutrients & carbohydrates).

Seedless Vascular Plants Vascular plants have a specialized transport system with vascular tissue for conducting water & nutrients. Vascular plants contain a xylem layer (which transports water) and a phloem layer (which transports food like nutrients & carbohydrates).

Vascular Tissues

Seedless Vascular Plants Both xylem & phloem can move fluids through the plant body. All vascular plants have _____, stems & leaves. Seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails & _____.

Seedless Vascular Plants Both xylem & phloem can move fluids through the plant body. All vascular plants have roots, stems & leaves. Seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails & _____.

Seedless Vascular Plants Both xylem & phloem can move fluids through the plant body. All vascular plants have roots, stems & leaves. Seedless vascular plants include club mosses, horsetails & ferns.

Seed Plants Plants that have the ability to form seeds are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land. The seed plants are divided into 2 groups: ____________ (cone-bearing plants) ____________ (flowering plants)

Seed Plants Plants that have the ability to form seeds are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land. The seed plants are divided into 2 groups: Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) ___________ (flowering plants)

Seed Plants Plants that have the ability to form seeds are the most dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land. The seed plants are divided into 2 groups: Gymnosperms (cone-bearing plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Seed Plants One reason that seed plants became so successful is because they don’t require water for the fertilization of their gametes. Because of this, seed plants can live just about anywhere.

Seed Plant Adaptations Some adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include having flowers or cones, the ability to transfer sperm by ___________ and the protection of embryos encased in _____. Cones are the seed-bearing structures in gymnosperms, while flowers are the seed-bearing structures in angiosperms. Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Seed Plant Adaptations Some adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include having flowers or cones, the ability to transfer sperm by pollination and the protection of embryos encased in ______. Cones are the seed-bearing structures in gymnosperms, while flowers are the seed-bearing structures in angiosperms. Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Seed Plant Adaptations Some adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include having flowers or cones, the ability to transfer sperm by pollination and the protection of embryos encased in seeds. Cones are the seed-bearing structures in gymnosperms, while flowers are the seed-bearing structures in angiosperms. Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Seed Plant Adaptations In seed plants, the entire male gamete is contained in a tiny structure called a pollen grain, which is carried to the female parts of the flower by wind, insects or small animals for pollination.

Seed Plant Adaptations A seed is an embryo of a plant encased in a protective covering & surrounded by a food supply. After fertilization, the zygote becomes an embryo & eventually a plant.

Read chapter 23 and 24 and be ready to take Plant Quiz I and II next class

Plant Notes Part 2

Gymnosperms The most ancient surviving seed plants are the gymnosperms (“naked seeds”). These include cycads, gnetophytes, ginkgoes and conifers, which are the most common of the cone-bearing plants.

Gymnosperms Conifers thrive in a wide variety of habitats and have leaves that are long and thin (like pine needles) with thick, waxy coverings because they have adapted to dry conditions in order to conserve water.

Angiosperms Flowering plants originated on land about 135 million years ago & soon dominated plant life. Angiosperms (“enclosed seed”) developed unique reproductive organs known as flowers, which are an evolutionary advantage because they attract pollinators like bees, butterflies and birds, which in turn get food and then transport the pollen to other flowers.

Angiosperms Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds & give angiosperms their name. After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in dispersal when animals eat the fruit & then excrete the seeds far away from the plants’ original location.

How Angiosperms are Classified: Monocots v. Dicots Monocots and dicots are types of angiosperms that are named for the number of seed leaves (cotyledons) in their plant embryo. Monocots have one seed leaf, while dicots have two. (mono = 1, di = 2)

Characteristics of Monocots Seeds Single cotyledon Leaves Parallel veins Flowers Floral parts in multiples of 3 Stems Vascular bundles scattered throughout Roots Fibrous root system

Characteristics of Dicots Seeds Two cotyledons Leaves Branched (netted) veins Flowers Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Stems Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Roots Taproot system

                                                                                                                                              

MONOCOTS: Parallel venation DICOTS: Netted venation Monocots v. Dicots MONOCOTS: Parallel venation DICOTS: Netted venation

Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? 5 Venation? Netted

Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? 6 Venation? Parallel

Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? N/A Venation? Parallel

Monocot or Dicot? How you can tell: # petals? 5 Venation? Netted

Woody v. Herbaceous Plants Woody plants are made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body and include trees, shrubs and vines. Ex. Roses & grapes

Woody v. Herbaceous Plants Plant stems that are smooth and non-woody are characterized as herbaceous plants, which don’t produce wood as they grow. Ex. Sunflowers

Three Types of Plants If you’ve ever planted a garden, you know that many flowering plants grow, flower and die in a single year. Other types of plants continue to grow from year to year. There are 3 categories of plant life spans: Annuals Biennials Perennials

Annuals Complete their life cycle in 1 growing season

Biennials Complete their life cycle in 2 growing seasons

Perennials Live from one growing season to another, usually for many years. Ex. Trees & grass

Read chapter 23 and 24 and be ready to take Plant Quiz I and II next class

Part 3 Roots, Stems & Leaves Plant Notes Part 3 Roots, Stems & Leaves

The structure of a plant contains a shoot system and a root system. Structure of Plants The structure of a plant contains a shoot system and a root system.

Plant Tissue Systems Plants consist of 3 main tissue systems: Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue

Plant Tissue Systems DERMAL TISSUE: The outer covering of a plant

Plant Tissue Systems VASCULAR TISSUE: Forms the transport systems within the plant Includes xylem & phloem

Plant Tissue Systems GROUND TISSUE: Cells that lie between the dermal and vascular tissues.

Types & Functions of Roots The root system includes those parts of the plant below ground, such as the roots, tubers, and rhizomes. Taproots are found mainly in dicots. Fibrous root systems are found mainly in monocots. The function of all roots is to anchor the plant in to the ground & absorb water and nutrients from the soil.

Stem Structure & Functions

Stem Structure & Functions In general, stems have 3 important functions: 1.) to produce leaves, branches & flowers 2.) to hold the leaves upright towards the sun 3.) to transport substances between roots & leaves

Parts of a Stem

Types of Stems Recall from your previous plant notes: Herbaceous – soft, green Woody – dark, rigid

Stem Arrangements The leaves on a plant have one of the following 3 arrangements: ALTERNATE WHORLED OPPOSITE

Stem Growth Primary growth of a stem occurs when there is an increase in plant growth from the tips of the roots and the shoots. In other words, the plant grows in height.

Stem Growth Secondary growth of a stem occurs when there is an increase in the width of a plant.

Modified Stems Many kinds of plants have modified stems that store food. Tubers, rhizomes, bulbs and corms are all types of modified stems that can remain dormant during cold or dry periods until favorable conditions return. TUBER ONION IRIS

Leaves Leaves are the primary photosynthetic organ of a plant The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis, as well as performing transpiration (water loss) and gas exchange by giving off O2 and taking in CO2.

Leaves Leaves may differ greatly in shape, arrangement, margin and venation, but the structural features of most leaves are the same.

Leaf Arrangements

Leaf Shapes

Leaf Margins

Leaf Venation

Anatomy of a Leaf The leaf provides food for the rest of the plant through the process of photosynthesis. The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis, which is protected by the waxy coating of the cuticle. Guard cells implanted in the epidermis form pores, known as stomata, through which water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass.

Leaf Structure & Function Leaves depend on stomata, which are pore-like openings on the underside of each leaf that allow CO2 and O2 to diffuse into & out of the leaf. Plants can regulate the opening and closing of their stomata to balance water loss with the rates of photosynthesis.

Leaf Structure & Function

Lets see what you learned…. REVIEW>>>REVIEW>>>REVIEW

Types of leaves ______ = one entire blade ______= (divided leaf blade = leaflets) Palmately – leaflets come together at a central point Pinnately – leaflets attach to the petiole in a pattern resembling a feather

Types of leaves Simple = one entire blade _____= (divided leaf blade = leaflets) Palmately – leaflets come together at a central point Pinnately – leaflets attach to the petiole in a pattern resembling a feather

Types of leaves Simple = one entire blade Compound (divided leaf blade = leaflets) Palmately – leaflets come together at a central point Pinnately – leaflets attach to the petiole in a pattern resembling a feather

Leaf Margin _______ ______________ ______

Leaf Margin Smooth _____________ ______

Leaf Margin Smooth Toothed (serrated) ______

Leaf Margin Smooth Toothed (serrated) Lobed

Leaf Venation ___________ – Monocots __________________ –Dicots Palmate venation Pinnate venation

Leaf Venation Parallel veins – Monocots __________________ –Dicots Palmate venation Pinnate venation

Leaf Venation Parallel veins – Monocots Netted (branched) veins –Dicots Palmate venation Pinnate venation

______Leaf

Simple Leaf

__________Leaf

Compound Leaf

Carnivorous Leaves Did you know??? The 2 lobes of a Venus's-flytrap leaf form a deceptively safe and attractive landing place for insects and other animals. Less than a second after this frog trips the trigger bristles on the inside surface of the leaf, the lobes close enough to trap him below interlocking spines. If sensory organs determine that the frog contains protein, the leaf closes further and the plant's digestive enzymes start to flow.

Plant Notes Part 4

Parts of a Flower (A.K.A. Pistil)

Structure & Function of Flowers Flowers are the reproductive organs of many angiosperms and vary greatly in shape, color and size. A typical flower has both male & female gametes.

Structure & Function of Flowers Flowers typically are composed of four types of specialized leaves: pistil (carpel) stamen petals Sepals Listed from inner most to outer most layer

Structure & Function of Flowers The outermost layer, or whorl, of a flower is called the sepals, which in many plants are green and closely resemble regular leaves.

Structure & Function of Flowers Petals are the often brightly colored structures that are found just inside the sepals and are used to attract pollinators like insects and birds.

Structure & Function of Flowers The male part of the flower is called the stamen, which consists of the anther and the filament. The anther of a flower is where pollen is located. Pollen is basically plant sperm. Stamen

Structure & Function of Flowers The female part of a flower is called the carpel (or pistil), which consists of 3 parts: the stigma, the style and the ovary. The ovary contains the female eggs that pollen travel to after landing on the stigma.

Structure & Function of Flowers After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds, while the ovary enlarges into the fruit. If a flower has only one ovule, the fruit will contain one seed, as in a peach. The fruit of a flower with many ovules, such as a tomato, will have many seeds.

Flower Pollination and Fertilization                                                                                                                                               

Pollen Grains A pollen grain contains a sperm cell that fertilizes an egg. If fertilization is successful, a seed is produced. The pollen grains of each species are unique. The pollen grains shown here are about 1000 times their actual size.

Plant Responses & Adaptations There are many ways that plants have adapted to their various environments and have developed to assist in their growth and development. Plants have hormones, which are chemical substances that control a plant’s pattern of growth and development, as well as its’ response to environmental conditions.

Plant Responses & Adaptations Many plants lay dormant when cold weather approaches and turn off their photosynthetic pathways until warmer weather returns. Other plants have adapted to living in aquatic environments, extremely salty environments or very dry environments.

Plant Responses & Adaptations Some plants that have specialized structures for obtaining nutrients include carnivorous plants and parasitic plants. Many plants defend themselves against insect attack by making compounds that ward off potential predators. Venus fly trap Poison ivy

Plants As Food Many plants are used as food sources in many countries. Cereals such as rice, wheat, and corn are important sources of food. Cereals produce dry fruits calls grains, which contain a single seed that is paced with energy-rich endosperm.

Plants As Food Though wheat’s primary use is to make flour, it is also used in brewing & distilling, for livestock feed and even as a coffee substitute. Rice, corn & wheat are the 3 most important & widely used cereal crops.

Legumes Legumes, such as beans and peas, are important foods because they provide essential amino acids that grains lack.

Root crops Root crops, like potatoes & yams, are a major source of calories. They are used to inexpensively fill stomachs in poor countries (cassava).

Other uses of Plants While many plants are consumed primarily for food, other plants are utilized for other reasons.

Wood Wood, an important plant resource, is found in thousands of products, from lumber used to build houses, to wood that is ground into pulp to make fabrics (rayon) and paper.

Other uses of Plants Besides rayon, plants are also used to make other textiles like cotton, rubber and latex.

Plants as Medicine Plants are the sources of many important medicines that are used to treat diseases and other ailments. Some examples: Aspirin, cancer treatment drugs & cortisone.

Impact of Plants Though the first plants appeared on land only about half a billion years ago, today they account for, by far, the largest proportion of the Earth's biomass. Plants provide life on Earth with oxygen and shelter, as well as serving as the foundation of the food web. Plants frequently determine the appearance of other organisms that depend on them in a variety of different habitats.

Impact of Plants Plants have laid the foundation that provides power for industrial society. Plants have supplied sufficient oxygen to the atmosphere to support the evolution of higher animals.

Impact of Plants Plants have modified the terrain of the Earth, making its’ surface habitable to maintain many different life forms.

Impact of Plants From towering redwood trees to the microscopic duckweed plant, Kingdom Plantae is an extraordinarily diverse and long-lived group that makes the life of animals, fungi and other organisms possible.

PLANT TEST COMING SOON!! You will be tested over what you have learned about plants on: Thursday 4/24