Plant Kingdom  Major Characteristics  Eukaryotic  multi-celled  usually green  autotrophic living organisms  Roots, stems, leaves  Main divisions  Non -vascular  No tube-like structures that carry water & nutrients  All are seedless  Examples  Hornwort  Liverwort  mosses

Plant Kingdom Non-vascular – simplest of plants  Threadlike structures called rhizoids anchor plants where they grow  Reproduce through spores  Sexual reproduction  Mosses – grow in shallow soil including rocks and tree bases

Plant Kingdom  Vascular --t ube-like structures are present  Seedless  Reproduces by spores  Examples – club mosses, horsetails, ferns  Seed (fertilized embryo)  Examples – conifers, flowering plants

Two types of _______ Plants Angiosperms Gymnosperms __________ plants _______ bearing plants Also called conifers SEED flowering cone

Flowering plants Woody ______ -woody Oak tree magnolia Maple tree H______ tree Iris, Rose Sun______, dandelion Honeysuckle T____, lily (Herbaceous) non ickory flower ulip

Two Types of Seed Plants Cone bearing plants P_____ tree ________ tree Juniper tree ____wood tree Often a Christmas tree Eastern Red Cedar spruce ine Red

Plant Kingdom  Seed Plants  Basic features  Leaves – produce food where photosynthesis occurs  Stem – transfers water & nutrients throughout the plant  Roots  anchors plant into the ground  absorbs water & other substances from the soil  Stores food – carrots, beets, potatoes

Plant Kingdom Seed Plants  Vascular tissue  Xylem – transports water  Phloem – transports food (sugar)  Cambium – produces new vascular tissue (in some plants)  Angiosperms - flowering plants  Cotyledon – food storage inside a seed  Monocot – one cotyledon  Dicot – two cotyledon STOP HERE

Plant Kingdom Monocots  Flower parts in multiples of 3  Leaves usually narrow  Vascular bundles show up as parallel veins in leaves  Corn, rice, wheat, bananas, pineapple Dicots FFFFlower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 LLLLeaves usually wide VVVVascular bundles are a network of veins in the leaf BBBBeans, peas, peanuts, apples, oranges Recognizing monocots and dicots – look at p 260

In Case You Missed It!  Anatomy of a flowering plant  Identify each structure  Describe the function of each structure  Plant Reproduction  Vascular vs. non-vascular  Spore or seed  Seed plant reproduction  Angiosperm vs. gymnosperm  Be able to explain

In Case You Missed It!  Identification  Be able to identify a plant as:  Vascular or non –vascular  Reproduction method  Seed or spore  Covered seed or naked seed  Angiosperm or gymnosperm  Woody or non-woody  Monocot or dicot  Identify a lichen and explain what it is

No Warm-up today!  Turn in your [IN] to a blank page  Put today’s date  Title the page as follows: PLANT PROCESSES

Plant Anatomy Structure and Function (layer 6) Roots -- anchors plant in soil, absorbs nutrients and water from the soil for plant use (see overhead). (layer 5) Stem – carries nutrients from roots to leaves, gives support to the plant

Plant Anatomy Structure and Function (layer 4 or 5) Leaves – carries out photosynthesis, contains stomata that control movement of gases in and out of leaves.

Plant Anatomy Structure and Function (layer 3) Sepals – small, leaflets that support the flower. Petals – leaflike structure that contains pistil & stamen. Often brightly colored to attract insects & birds.

Plant Anatomy Structure and Function (layer 1 or 2) Pistil – female reproductive system (includes ovule-egg), receives pollen from stamen so egg can be fertilized. Stamen – male reproductive system, produces pollen grains to fertilize the ovule.

Movement of materials WWWWater moves IIIInto roots (from the soil) TTTThrough stem to rest of plant LLLLeaves exchange gases with atmosphere EEEEx. Carbon dioxide, oxygen, water vapor LLLLeaf structure & function UUUUpper & lower epidermis (layer) WWWWaxy cuticle covers the epidermis SSSStomata – underside of leaf AAAAct as doorways for gases

Leaf structure (cont.) IIIInside leaf SSSSpongy & palisade layer MMMMost space filled w/ CO2 & H20 vapor MMMMost food produced in palisade layer

6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + light energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 yields ReactantsProducts

Chloroplast & Pigments LLLLeaves contain green structures called chloroplasts CCCChloroplasts contain green pigment – chlorophyll PPPPigment reflects a part of visible spectrum PPPPlants reflect chlorophyll TTTThis is why they look green PPPPlant food-making process occurs in the chloroplasts

Plant cells have green oval-shaped organelles called chloroplast. Chloroplast contain a compound called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps energy from the sun to make glucose. Chlorophyll gives the plant its green color. Microscopic view of chloroplast.

Photosynthesis  Process where a plant’s chlorophyll traps sun’s light energy & sugars are produced  Besides light, this process needs:  Carbon dioxide CO 2  Water H 2 O [page 308, figure 5]  Light-dependant reactions  Needs light to occur  Chlorophyll traps light

Light Dependent (cont.) LLLLight energy splits water molecules into oxygen & hydrogen OOOOxygen leaves plant HHHHydrogen used for photosynthesis Light-independent reactions DDDDoes not need light to occur TTTTrapped energy combines carbon dioxide & hydrogen to make glucose EEEExcess glucose may be stored as starch: CCCCarrots, potatoes, beets, onions, etc.

Importance  1 st  Produces food  Directly or indirectly provide food for nearly all organisms  2 nd  Remove CO 2 from atmosphere  Adds oxygen (O 2 ) to atmosphere

Respiration CCCChemical reactions that break down food molecules & release energy TTTThis is how living things including plants turn food into energy. OOOOccurs in the mitochondria of cells RRRRaw materials: C6 H12 O6 (glucose), O2 (oxygen) PPPProducts: CO2, H20, energy