Getting Started with HTML5

The Structure of an HTML5 Document New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Exploring the History of the World Wide Web A network is a structure linking computers together for the purpose of sharing information and services Users typically access a network through a computer called a node or host A host that provides information or a service is called a server New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Exploring the History of the World Wide Web A computer or other device that receives a service is called a client One of the most commonly used designs is the client-server network If the computers that make up a network are close together (within a single department or building), then the network is referred to as a local area network (LAN) New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Exploring the History of the World Wide Web A network that covers a wide area, such as several buildings or cities, is called a wide area network (WAN) The largest WAN in existence is the Internet Today the Internet has grown to include an uncountable number of networks and hosts involving computers, mobile phones, PDAs, MP3 players, gaming systems, and television stations New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Exploring the History of the World Wide Web Timothy Berners-Lee and other researchers at the CERN nuclear research facility near Geneva, Switzerland laid the foundations for the World Wide Web, or the Web, in 1989 They developed a system of interconnected hypertext documents that allowed their users to easily navigate from one topic to another Hypertext is a method of organization in which data sources are interconnected through a series of links or hyperlinks that users can activate to jump from one piece of information to another New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Web Pages and Web Servers Each document on the World Wide Web is referred to as a Web page Web pages are stored on Web servers, which are computers that make Web pages available to any device connected to the Internet A Web browser retrieves the page from the Web server and renders it on the user’s computer or other device The earliest browsers, known as text-based browsers, were incapable of displaying images New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Introducing HTML A Web page is a text file written in Hypertext Markup Language A markup language is a language that describes the content and structure of a document by identifying, or tagging, different elements in the document New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

The History of HTML The first popular markup language was Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) In the early years of HTML, Web developers were free to define and modify HTML in whatever ways they thought best New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

The History of HTML A group of Web designers and programmers, called the World Wide Web Consortium, or the W3C, created a set of standards or specifications that all browser manufacturers were to follow The W3C has no enforcement power The recommendations of the W3C are usually followed since a uniform approach to Web page creation is beneficial to everyone New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

The History of HTML Older features of HTML are often deprecated, or phased out, by the W3C That does not mean you can’t continue to use them—you may need to use them if you are supporting older browsers Current Web developers are increasingly using XML (Extensible Markup Language) XML is a metalanguage like SGML, but without SGML’s complexity and overhead New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

The History of HTML New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

HTML and Style Sheets HTML marks the different parts of a document, but it does not indicate how document content should be displayed by browsers For this reason, the exact appearance of each page element is described in a separate document known as a style sheet Internal style sheets specify the appearance of different HTML elements New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Tools for Creating HTML Documents Basic text editor such as Windows Notepad Other software programs that enable you to create documents in different formats, such as Microsoft Word or Adobe Acrobat, include tools to convert their documents into HTML for quick and easy publishing on the Web Web publishing software manages all of the code and extended features of your site New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Entering Elements and Attributes An HTML document is composed of elements that represent distinct items in the Web page, such as a paragraph, the page heading, or even the entire body of the page itself Elements are marked by one or more tags A two-sided tag is a tag that contains some document content. General syntax for a two-sided tag: <element>content</element> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking Elements with Tags A two-sided tag’s opening tag (<p>) and closing tag (</p>) should completely enclose its content Elements can contain other elements Tags cannot overlap <p>Welcome to the J-Prop Shop</p> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Adding an Attribute to an Element To add an element attribute, use the format <element attribute1=”value1” attribute2=”value2” ...>content</element> where attribute1, attribute2, etc. are the names of attributes associated with the element, and value1, value2, etc. are the values of those attributes New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

White Space and HTML HTML file documents are composed of text characters and white space White space is the blank space, tabs, and line breaks within the file HTML treats each occurrence of white space as a single blank space You can use white space to make your document more readable New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Exploring the Structure of an HTML File <html> <head> head content </head> <body> body content </body> </html> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

The Structure of an HTML File An HTML document is divided into two main sections: the head and the body The head element contains information about the document, for example the document title or the keywords The content of the head element is not displayed within the Web page New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

The Structure of an HTML File The body element contains all of the content to appear on the Web page The body element can contain code that tells the browser how to render the content New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Converting an HTML Document into XHTML There is considerable overlap between HTML and XHTML You can convert an HTML file into an XHTML file by replacing the opening <html> tag with the following three lines of code: <?xml version="10" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no" ?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 10 Strict//EN“ “http://wwww3org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strictdtd"> <html xmlns=http://wwww3org/1999/xhtml> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

The Document Type Declaration Prior to the opening <html> tag, many HTML files also include a Document Type Declaration, or doctype, to indicate the type of markup language used in the document <!DOCTYPE html> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Defining the Page Title New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Adding Comments The comment tag adds notes to your HTML code Comments can be spread over several lines Comments are useful in documenting your HTML code for yourself and others New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Adding Comments New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Displaying an HTML File As you continue modifying the HTML code, you should occasionally view it with your Web browser to verify that you have not introduced any errors You may want to view the results using different browsers to check for compatibility New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Displaying an HTML File New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Defining the Structure of the Page Body New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Defining the Structure of the Page Body New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking Structural Elements in HTML5 To mark the page header, use the header element To mark the page footer, use the footer element To mark a main section of page content, use the section element To mark a sidebar, use the aside element To mark an article, use the article element New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking a Section with the div Element New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Page Content Elements New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Working with Grouping Elements New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Working with Grouping Elements Grouping elements are elements that contain content that is viewed as a distinct block within the Web page Heading elements are block-level elements that contain the text of main headings on the Web page <hn>content<hn> n is an integer between 1 and 6 <h1> is the largest heading <h6> is the smallest heading New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking Grouping Content To mark a heading, enter <hn>content</hn> where n is an integer from 1 to 6 and content is the text of heading To mark a paragraph, enter <p>content</p> To mark a block quote, enter <blockquote>content</blockquote> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Adding Headings New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking Paragraph Elements New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking a Block Quote The syntax for making an extended quote is <blockquote>content</blockquote> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking an Address <address>content</address> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking a List HTML supports three kinds of lists: ordered, unordered, and description You use an ordered list for items that must appear in a numerical order You use an unordered list for items that do not need to occur in any special order One list can contain another list. This is called a nested list New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Description Lists The description list contains a list of terms, each followed by the term’s description Web browsers typically display the definition description below the definition term and slightly indented: Basic Stick Easiest stick to learn New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Applying an External Style Sheet Style sheets are written in the Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) language To apply an external style sheet to a Web page, you create a link within the document head to the style sheet file using the link element <link href=”file” rel=”stylesheet” type=”text/css” /> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Linking to a JavaScript File New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking Text-Level Elements New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Using the Generic Elements div and span HTML supports two such generic elements: div and span The div element is used to mark general grouping content The span element is used to mark general text-level content New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Marking a Line Break New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Inserting an Inline Image New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Working with Character Sets and Special Characters To insert a symbol based on the encoding number, use the entity &#code; where code is the encoding number. To insert a symbol based on a character entity reference, use the entity char; where char is the name assigned to the character. To insert a nonbreaking space, use the following entity:   To insert the < symbol, use the following entity: < To insert the > symbol, use the following entity: > New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Working with Character Sets and Special Characters New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Specifying a Character Set New Perspectives on HTML and CSS, 6th Edition

Developing a Basic Web Site

Creating Hyperlinks New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Hierarchical Structures New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Mixed Structures As Web sites become larger and more complex, you often need to use a combination of several different structures The overall form can be hierarchical, allowing the user to move from general to specific; however, the links also allow users to move through the site in a linear fashion A site index is a page containing an outline of the entire site and its contents New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Mixed Structures New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Protected Structures Sections of most commercial Web sites are off-limits except to subscribers and registered customers New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Creating a Navigation List Every Web site should include a navigation list, which is a list containing links to the main topic areas of the site HTML5 introduced the nav structural element to make it easier to mark up navigation lists New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Creating a Hypertext Link Hypertext links are created by enclosing some document content within a set of opening and closing <a> tags To mark content as a hypertext link, use <a href=”reference”>content</a> where reference is the location being linked to and content is the document content that is being marked as a link New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Creating a Hypertext Link Figures 2-11 – 2-12 New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Attributes of the a Element New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Specifying a Folder Path New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Specifying a Folder Path To create a link to a file located in a different folder than the current document, you must specify the file’s location, or path An absolute path specifies a file’s precise location within a computer’s entire folder structure A relative path specifies a file’s location in relation to the location of the current document If the file is in the same location as the current document, you do not have to specify the folder name If the file is in a subfolder of the current document, you have to include the name of the subfolder New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Specifying a Folder Path If you want to go one level up the folder tree, you start the relative path with a double period (..), a forward slash, and then provide the name of the file To specify a different folder on the same level, known as a sibling folder, you move up the folder tree using the double period (..) and then down the tree using the name of the sibling folder You should almost always use relative paths in your links New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Specifying a Folder Path New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Setting the Base Path A browser resolves relative paths based on the location of the current document You can change this behavior by using the base element to specify a different starting location for all relative paths To set the default location for a relative path, add the element <base href=”path” /> to the document head, where path is the folder location that you want browsers to use when resolving relative paths in the current document New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Marking Locations with the id Attribute To jump to a specific location within a document, you first need to mark that location One way to identify elements in an HTML document is to use the id attribute Id names must be unique Id names are not case sensitive New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to Locations within Documents New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to an id <a href=”#id”>content</a> Once you’ve marked an element using the id attribute, you can create a hypertext link to that element using the a element <a href=”#id”>content</a> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Creating Links between Documents To create a link to a specific location in another file, enter the code <a href="reference#id">content</a> where reference is a reference to an HTML or XHTML file and id is the id of an element marked within that file New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Creating Links between Documents New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Image Maps and External Links New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Working with Linked Images and Image Maps A standard practice on the Web is to turn the Web site’s logo into a hypertext link pointing to the home page <a href="reference"><img src="file" alt="text" /></a> Thumbnail images are small representations of larger image files HTML also allows you to divide an image into different zones, or hotspots, each linked to a different destination New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Working with Linked Images and Image Maps New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Working with Linked Images and Image Maps To define these hotspots, you create an image map that matches a specified region of the inline image to a specific destination HTML supports two kinds of image maps: Client-side image maps Server-side image maps New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Client-Side Image Maps A client-side image map is inserted in an image map defined in the Web page The Web browser locally processes the image map Because all of the processing is done locally, you can easily test Web pages More responsive than server-side maps The browser’s status bar displays the target of each hotspot Older browsers do not support client-side images New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Server-Side Image Maps In a server-side image map, the image map is stored on the Web server Server-side image maps are supported by most graphical browsers Server-side image maps can be slow to operate The browser’s status bar does not display the target of each hotspot New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Introducing URLs To create a link to a resource on the Internet, you need to know its URL A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) specifies the precise location and type of a resource on the Internet A protocol is a set of rules defining how information is passed between two resources New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Introducing URLs Your Web browser communicates with Web servers using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The URLs for all Web pages must start with the http scheme Other Internet resources use different protocols and have different scheme names New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Internet Protocols New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

A sample URL for a Web page Linking to a Web Site A sample URL for a Web page New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to a Web Site If a URL includes no path, then it indicates the topmost folder in the server’s directory tree If a URL does not specify a filename, the server searches for the default home page The server name portion of the URL is also called the domain name The top level, called an extension, indicates the general audience supported by the Web server <a href="http://www.apogeephoto.com">Apogee Photo</a> New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to a Web Site New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to FTP Servers FTP servers are another method of storing and sharing files on the Internet FTP servers transfer information using a communications protocol called File Transfer Protocol (FTP) An FTP server requires each user to enter a password and a username to access its files New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to FTP Servers New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to a Local File On occasion, you may see the URL for a file stored locally on your computer or local area network If you are accessing a file from your own computer, the server name might be omitted and replaced by an extra slash (/) The file scheme here does not imply any particular communication protocol; instead the browser retrieves the document using whatever method is the local standard for the type of file specified in the URL New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to an E-Mail Address Many Web sites use e-mail to allow users to communicate with a site’s owner, sales representative, or technical support staff You can turn an e-mail address into a hypertext link; when a user clicks the link, the user’s e-mail program opens and automatically inserts the address into the “To” field of the new outgoing message New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to an E-Mail Address The mailto protocol also allows you to add information to the e-mail, including the subject line and the text of the message mailto:address?header1=value1&header2=value2& ... mailto:ghayward@camshotscom?Subject=Test&Body= This%20is%20a%20test%20message Spaces are replaced with the %20 character code since URLs cannot contain blank spaces New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to an E-Mail Address If you need to include an e-mail address in your Web page, you can take a few steps to reduce problems with spam: Replace all e-mail addresses in your page with inline images of those addresses Write a program in a language JavaScript to scramble any e-mail address in the HTML code Replace the characters of the e-mail address with escape characters (character codes) New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Linking to an E-Mail Address New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Working with Hypertext Attributes HTML provides several attributes to control the behavior and appearance of your links You can force a document to appear in a secondary window or tab by adding the target attribute to the tag <a> tag If you want to provide additional information to your users, you can provide a tooltip to your links A tooltip is a descriptive text that appears whenever a user positions the mouse pointer over a link New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Working with Hypertext Attributes New Perspectives on HTML and CSS

Working with Hypertext Attributes New Perspectives on HTML and CSS