Objectives Explore multiple incentives in construction Implications for energy efficient and healthy buildings Prepare for oral presentations

Where we are going 4/25 Renewables, response to TDRs 4/27 Cost of efficiency strategies 5/1Evening symposium 5/2Tour of green building 5/4Class wrap-up/evaluations

Regulated Efficiency Builders typically don’t like additional codes Save dramatic amounts of energy Improve quality of buildings Very cost effective Why aren’t building codes more widespread?

Tax Barriers to Efficiency Energy savings not considered When evaluated, they are discounted Tax law furthers this pattern Have to deduct capital costs over 30 years, but can deduct operating costs “neutral or unfavorable” laws for efficiency Sales tax is charged on goods, not on energy However, not all tax laws are unfavorable Mortgage interest is deductible, energy costs are not Does tax credit change this?

Insufficient Rewards for Efficiency Developers/builders have many concerns Often knowledgeable about efficient technologies Perception is that efficiency doesn’t sell 1990 data – 61% of homes were built for speculation – no communication with occupant during design

Barriers During Design Inadequate communication between architect, engineer, contractor Sub-contractors “Nobody ever got fired for making a mechanical system too big” A safety factor is added at every stage For speculative properties – loads are not known at time of construction

Oversizing Pay for structural overcapacity once. Pay for mechanical overcapacity initially and continuously Energy (and peak) Maintenance Replacement

Fee Structure Design fees for mechanical systems are very low Custom-design is (relatively) expensive Fee structure rewards oversizing Designers “pay” if clients are uncomfortable Occupants pay for increased capital and energy costs Combined offices can lead to conflict of interest Design Maintenance Supply

Who conducts the orchestra?

“Utterly comprehensive incomprehension” “Utilities see buildings as physical structures with energy flowing through them; Developers see them as financial structures with money flowing through them” Interdisciplinary approach is the only solution Takes considerable time Higher capital cost

Design Sequence

What can we do about this? Avoid fractious relationships Open building design process to broader range of skills Have a business manager in addition to architect Acknowledge limitations of engineering and efficiency technology Support research to answer critical questions

What about health? Who is the person most responsible for your health? Mom? Doctors? Nurses? Yourself?

What about building professionals? Design engineers, operating engineers, architects, construction workers What influences health in buildings? Air quality Lighting Thermal comfort Change with time, individual based Bioterrorism Absolute or perception based

Who pays your health care costs? You Employer Society

What about productivity? We only know part of the story Examples Filter costs Fisk et al., 2002, Indoor Air Ventilation system type Seppanen et al., 2002, ASHRAE J. Noise and classrooms Shendell et al., 2002, Epidemiology Need more long-term research

Barriers to Efficiency and Health Starting early in design process Aligning incentives Reconsidering who designs buildings Including others Rethinking tax and fee structures Rewarding efficiency and health Accounting

Oral Presentations - Ground Rules Each presentation will last 10 minutes Time limits strictly will be enforced 2-3 additional minutes for questions and answers Power point presentations (or other computer visuals) are due to me by noon on Monday May 1st Files larger than 10 MB should be given to me on USB key or CD-ROM Oral presentations will be evaluated (by peers and by me) 20% of final project grade (10% of the class final grade) 1/4 of grade comes from peer evaluations Attendance and evaluation is mandatory

Evaluation of Oral Presentations Project: Design of a headache-free building Speaker: Migraine Boy Evaluator: E. S. Tylenol clear visuals/10 engaging speaker/10 depth of investigation/10 creativity/innovation/10 response to questions/10 Comments:

Preparing an Oral Presentation Consider your audience Tell a story Mix visuals and text Be selective about what you present Listeners can read paper if they want more Keep presentation clear and simple Be consistent PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE

Consistency Headaches are bad Impairs thought process. Hard to get work done I don’t like it when I have headaches because my brain hurts a lot and I can’t get anything meaningful done. Relatively few fonts, consistent format between slides

Referencing in a presentation Don’t have to give full references Listeners want to know Who When Where 25% headaches hurt Migraine Boy, 1997, J. Traumatic Stress

Check Calculation errors Unit (dimension) errors Errors in formulae Definition of terms Insufficient or omitted citation of ideas and images from others

Random comments Be careful with humor Be cautious about transitions Plan for contingencies Have extra material available Back-up your presentation Extraneous visual material on slides is distractingExtraneous visual material on slides is distracting Misteaks are very obvious to audience Any questions about presentations?

Admin Job opportunities Send me titles of your presentations ASAP (i.e. by the end of the day)