Analytical Structure 1. Origins, Objectives, Doctrine 2. Leadership, Leadership Structure 3. Support Structure 4. Strategy, Tactics 5. Counterterrorist Efforts 6. Non-Violent Political Activities

1. Origins, Objectives, Doctrine

Roots of Radical Sunni Ideology Anti-colonial nationalism Israel-Palestine issue Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (Damascas) Deobandi Islam returning to original 1867 British-held India sources of Islam anti-colonial IslamAbu al-Ala MaududiAbdullah Azzam Palestinian PakistanIntellectual mentor of OBL Purification of Islam is a key to independence from British Salafism Late 1800sRashid Rida, EgyptMuslim Brotherhood Sayyid Qutb return to Egypt original sourcesonly Salafi beliefs Hassan al-Banna Egypt Al-Qaeda can free Muslims rejects British colonialism member of MB Osama bin-Laden from colonialism rejects “westernization” of Islam purify Islam Ayman al-Zawahri rejects church/state separation violence if necessary anti-Israel Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab anti-US (Arabian Peninsula) “founder” of “Sunni radicalism” return to original sources Milestones rejects Islamic pluralism condoned violence against apostates Abd-Al-Salam Al-Faraj anti-Ottoman, seen as foreign occupiers, apostates1932 Saudi Arabia becomes independent Egypt, unifies Arabian regions and families disciple of Qutb under the al-Saud family The Neglected Duty Wahhabi Islam becomes the official creed Late 1700s Al-Saud family alliance with Wahhabi movement Saudi-sponsored madrassas globally, by late 20th century- Israel-Palestine issue

Origins of AQ Iranian Revolution Iranian Revolution ( ) ( ) provides inspirationforeign fighters provides inspirationforeign fighters formationgo home, formationgo home, of Afghan mujahadin form new groups of Afghan mujahadin form new groups or join existing or join existing Pakistan militarygroups, create a Pakistan militarygroups, create a allies with radicalglobal terror Islamic groups ( )network provides sanctuary Ideological legacy USSR invades US, China, Pakistan Soviets Ideological legacy USSR invades US, China, Pakistan Soviets of radical Islamic AfghanistanEgypt, Saudi Arabia, withdraw of radical Islamic AfghanistanEgypt, Saudi Arabia, withdraw thought 1979and others funding, 1989 thought 1979and others funding, 1989 provides ideologysupplying, and training provides ideologysupplying, and training and inspirationmujahadin and jihadis and inspirationmujahadin and jihadis OBL and others recruit OBL and others recruit Saudi funded religious schools volunteers al-Qaeda (global) Saudi funded religious schools volunteers al-Qaeda (global) (madrassas) in Middle East from madrassasAbu Sayyaf (Phil.) (madrassas) in Middle East from madrassasAbu Sayyaf (Phil.) and Asia (1970s-1980s) in M. E. and AsiaGIA (Algeria) and Asia (1970s-1980s) in M. E. and AsiaGIA (Algeria) provides recruits with ideology (foreign fightersHAMAS or jihadis)Islamic Jihad IMU provides recruits with ideology (foreign fightersHAMAS or jihadis)Islamic Jihad IMU Jemaah Islamiah PIJ Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir… Jemaah Islamiah PIJ Bosnia, Chechnya, Kashmir…Time

AQ is Clear About Goals 1996 fatwa 1996 fatwa 1996 fatwa 1996 fatwa 1998 fatwa 1998 fatwa 1998 fatwa 1998 fatwa Al-Qaeda Training Manual (Manchester Manual) Al-Qaeda Training Manual (Manchester Manual) Al-Qaeda Training Manual (Manchester Manual) Al-Qaeda Training Manual (Manchester Manual) Bin-Laden videos Bin-Laden videos Bin-Laden videos Bin-Laden videos Abu Bakr Naji, Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of The Management of Savagery Article on Mustafa Article on Mustafa Article Setmariam Nasar (Abu Musab al-Suri) Militant Ideology Atlas Militant Ideology Atlas Militant Ideology Atlas Militant Ideology Atlas (Combating Terrorism Center)

Restore the Caliphate From al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat, REPORT OF THE U.S. HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, JUNE 2006 From al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat, REPORT OF THE U.S. HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, JUNE 2006al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threatal-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat

AQAM Attacks

2. Leadership, Leadership Structure 2. Leadership, Leadership Structure

Founders Abdullah Azzam Abdullah Azzam Osama bin-Laden Osama bin-Laden

Leadership AQ Leadership 1989 AQ Leadership 1989 AQ Leadership 1989 AQ Leadership 1989 Leadership 2008 Leadership 2008 Leadership Decentralization Decentralization Regional Nodes Regional Nodes Cells Cells

Central Structure OBL Emir General and core leaders Shura MediaFinanceMilitary Religious/ Legal NEODS LECSL

Networks I Traditional organization model Traditional organization model Hierarchical/corporate model Hierarchical/corporate model Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier Tier 2 Tier Tier 2 Tier

Networks II Corporate Model Corporate Model CentralizationCentralization ControlControl CommandCommand AuthorityAuthority Permanent structurePermanent structure Transparent operations for coordinationTransparent operations for coordination Network model Network model Decentralized Autonomous Entrepreneurial Disconnected or isolated Temporary linkages Operational secrecy

Networks III Models Models

Cell Operations F F T T P P T F P L L L O O O

Another View of Structure

AQ Cells From al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat, REPORT OF THE U.S. HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, JUNE 2006 From al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat, REPORT OF THE U.S. HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, JUNE 2006al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threatal-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat

3. Support Structure

AQ Support and Activities AQ Attacks against US AQ Attacks against US AQ Attacks against US AQ Attacks against US AQ Affiliated Organizations and People (UN List) AQ Affiliated Organizations and People (UN List)(UN List)(UN List)

From: foreign-enemya-is-france.29577

AQ Finances From al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat, REPORT OF THE U.S. HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, JUNE 2006 From al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat, REPORT OF THE U.S. HOUSE PERMANENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE, JUNE 2006al-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threatal-Qaeda: The Many Faces of an Islamist Extremist Threat

4. Strategy and Tactics The Debate: The Far Enemy 0r The Near Enemy Writings on Strategy Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of SavageryThe Management of SavageryThe Management of Savagery Article on Mustafa Setmariam Nasar Article on Mustafa Setmariam Nasar Article (Abu Musab al-Suri)

Model A: Focus on Near Enemy Terrorist attacksUndermining Political Agitationof current Religious Indoctrinationregimes Revolution, Coup, Insurgency, Electoral participation (but goal of authoritarian State)

Model B-1: Near and Far Enemy: US Withdrawal Terrorist attacksUndermining Political Agitationof current Religious Indoctrinationregimes Strike at US Strike at US alliesUS withdraws from involvement from involvement Revolution, Coup, Insurgency, Electoral participation (but goal of authoritarian State)

Model B-2: Near and Far Enemy: US Overreaction Terrorist attacksUndermining Political Agitationof current Religious Indoc.regimes Strike at US Strike at US alliesUS Overreaction Revolution, Coup, Insurgency, Electoral participation (but goal of authoritarian state)

Classic Maoist Insurgent Warfare (for reference only) Phase III: Movement Warfare Phase III: Movement WarfareNearness to goal Phase II: Guerrilla Warfare Phase I: Propaganda and Organization Time

Al-Qaeda Insurgent/Terrorist Warfare (for reference only) Iran Model Afghan./Somalia Model Sudan Model Nearness To goal Phase III: Taking Power Phase II: Terrorist Strikes Phase I: Education/Religious Instruction and Phase I: Education/Religious Instruction and Creation of Network Organization Time

Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery The Management of SavageryThe Management of Savagery Current political and create establish gain state religious instability; new order; legitimacy, organization; savagery; religious authority, organization; savagery; religious authority, terrorist chaos order power terrorist chaos order power attacks attacksTime

Khobar Towers, 1996

Nairobi, August 7, 1998

USS Cole October 2000

Bali Bombing October 2002

Marriott Hotel, Jakarta, Indonesia August 2003

Madrid Bombing, March 11, 2004

Australian Embassy Jakarta Sept. 2004

London, July 2005

London and Glascow Attacks, June 2007

Algerian Coast Guard Barracks September 2007

Iraq, Weekend of July 7, 2007 (Washington Post)

Mumbai, November 2008 (Lashkar-e Taiba)

Westgate Shopping Mall, Nairobi, September 2013 (al-Shabab)

AQAM Evolution FarNear andRegionalAffiliates EnemyFar EnemyGroupsGain Strength Hybrid Morocco, AQAPal-Shabab Algeria, AQIMBoko UK, AQIISIL IndonesiaAffiliatesAQAP Greater TTP DecentralizationAQIS (2014) Autonomy / Time

5. Counterterrorism Measures

6. Non-Violent Activities