What interest was NOT common to the early twentieth century art movements in Europe? (a) a tendency toward abstraction (b) focus on the formal elements and principles of design (c) emphasis on the physical process (d) exploration of what art is (e) a desire to achieve a realistic depiction of objects Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (e). p1019 (top; p1020, bottom, p1032). During the 19-teens and 1920s in Europe, artists consciously broke artistic traditions of the past. Many art movements considered it passé to imitate reality. The artists defined and visually “re-created” a new and different world. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education. Images: Google Images 9 Jan Top, derain.jpg rosings.com 1080 × Mountains at Collioure (1905) Andre Derain ( ). Bottom, leger three women 1921.jpg legacy.earlham.edu 909 × Leger, Three Women, 1921 derain.jpgleger three women 1921.jpg

Which work of art by Picasso illustrates Synthetic cubism? a.(left) [Fig. 31-6] Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) b. (right) [Fig. 31-9] Glass and Bottle of Suze (1912) Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (b). pp 1023–1026. With fractured forms, shallow space and simultaneous use of multiple perspectives, the painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon marks Picasso’s departure from Renaissance perspective toward the development of Cubism.. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education Les Demoiselles was the precursor to Analytic Cubism, characterized by greater fragmentation and an extremely limited palette. Analytic Cubism developed into Synthetic Cubism, where artists broke apart forms and reassembled them into a final composition. In Glass and Bottle of Suze, Picasso used collage to blur boundaries between real and pictorial space

Marcel Duchamp’s 1917 sculpture, Fountain (p1038) is an example of (a) Degenerate Art (b) a readymade (c) a mobile (d) Constructivism (e) Installation Art Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (b) pp1037,1038. Duchamp argued art is what an artist ‘chooses’ it to be; thus the artist does not have to physically create an object for it to be considered art. Duchamp’s choosing this urinal, turning it upside down and signing it (with the pseudonym, R. Mutt), Duchamp “created” what has come to be known as a ‘readymade’ piece of art. Duchamp is known for readymades in sculpture and poster formats. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Frida Kahlo’s The Two Fridas communicates a public message as opposed to a private, introspective one. (a) true (b) false Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (b). false. pp1069–1070. Kahlo’s work is largely autobiographical, conveying the emotional and physical pain she experienced in her life. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

_______________________ was founded by Walter Gropius, who believed art and architecture should serve a socially useful function. (a) The Bauhaus (b) Le Corbusier (c) De Stijl (d) Fallingwater (e) Die Brücke Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (a). pp1054–1056. Gropius, the first director of the Bauhaus, a school whose philosophy of the integration of fine and applied art, embraced the anonymity, efficiency, and standardization synonymous with the modern corporation. The Bauhaus is renowned for its impact on typography visual communication design (graphic design), painting, architecture and textile arts. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education.. Images: Google Images149 Jan bauhaus02.jpg bc.edu 678 × Gropius: Bauhaus, Dessau, bauhaus02.jpg

What was the primary goal of the writers and artists associated with Surrealism? (a) to prove the theories of Sigmund Freud by depicting images from their dreams (b) to help people discover a more intense reality beyond conventional notions of what is ‘real’ (c) to create useful objects and promote the aims of a collective society (d) to initiate a radical political movement based on the technology of the modern world (e) to legitimize nonobjective painting in the eyes of the world Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (b) pp Surrealism was the intellectual successor to Dada movement in art. Drawing on Freudian ideas of the subconscious, the founder of Surrealism, André Breton, sought to free human behavior from the conventions of bourgeois morality. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education. Image: Google Images 14 Jan MiroHarlequin2.jpg sauer-thompson.com MiroHarlequin2.jpg 776 × practice of automatic writing that expresses their unconscious desires. Surrealist artists and writers relied on various techniques such as ‘automatic writing,’ dream analysis, and hypnotic trance, believing these techniques can liberate powerful—yet suppressed— imagery, and reveal to each individual a ‘truer’ reality. Miro’s Harlequin2 shows the “…practice of automatic writing that expresses their unconscious desires.”

Mondrian’s mature work does NOT include (a) primary colors (b) vertical lines (c) black and white (d) curved lines (e) horizontal lines Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (d). pp1052–1053. Mondrian believed curved lines were too sensuous. He intended his paintings to communicate a rational universal meaning, beyond subjective associations. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education. Image: Google Images 14 Jan composition ‑ with ‑ yellow ‑ blue ‑ and ‑ red ‑ piet ‑ mondrian ‑ 1942.jpg silverandexact.wordpress.com 772 × Composition with yellow, blue and red | Piet Mondrian | 1942 composition ‑ with ‑ yellow ‑ blue ‑ and ‑ red ‑ piet ‑ mondrian ‑ 1942.jpg Mondrian developed his mature style in the 1920s. It was characterized by primary colors, black, gray and white, and horizontal and vertical lines. Mondrian believed he could represent the essence of higher beauty through the “dynamic equilibrium” of these compositional elements.

8. James Van Der Zee’s portraits of African- Americans are associated with what art movement? (a) American Scene (b) Regionalism (c) The Ashcan School (d) The Harlem Renaissance (e) American Modernism Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (d) pp1061–1065. Van Der Zee’s positive images demonstrate the racial pride and empowerment of the “New Negro” movement of the 1920s and 1930s. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education. Image: Google Images, 14 Jan weddingparty1926.jpg auca150art.com 528 × James Van Der Zee weddingparty1926.jpg This movement encouraged African Americans to become politically progressive and racially conscious. It gave rise to developments in literature, music and visual arts known as the “Harlem Renaissance.”

9. What artistic movement made New York City the capital of the art world beginning in the 1940s, and into the middle of the twentieth century? (a) Pop Art (b) Assemblage (c) Abstract Expressionism (d) Minimalism (e) Neo-Expressionism Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education

Answer (c). pp1073–1074. Fascism and World War II prompted many European artists and intellectuals to seek refuge in the US. This influx of European artists’ ideas— different from the Social Realism prevalent in the US at the time—prompted artistic experimentation. Also called “the New York School,” Abstract Expressionism (action painting and color field painting) focused on the process of painting, and resulting effects of paint on a substrate. Among the Abstract Expressionists were Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning. Stokstad and Cotheren, Art History, Fourth Edition, ©2011, Pearson Education. Images: Google Images, 14 Jan Top, action ‑ painting.jpg. artinthepicture.com. 370 × Pollock. action painting. Bottom, 1950_52_kooning_woman.jpg theartwolf.com 342 × 450 action ‑ painting.jpg1950_52_kooning_woman.jpg