CHAPTER 10 DEPRECIATION AND INCOME TAXES

DEPRECIATION Decrease in value of physical properties with passage of time and useDecrease in value of physical properties with passage of time and use Accounting concept establishing annual deduction against before-tax incomeAccounting concept establishing annual deduction against before-tax income - to reflect effect of time and use on asset’s value in firm’s financial statements - to reflect effect of time and use on asset’s value in firm’s financial statements - to match yearly fraction of value used by asset in production of income over asset’s economic life - to match yearly fraction of value used by asset in production of income over asset’s economic life

PROPERTY IS DEPRECIABLE IF IT MUST : be used in business or held to produce incomebe used in business or held to produce income have a determinable useful life which is longer than one yearhave a determinable useful life which is longer than one year wear out, decay, get used up, become obsolete, or lose value from natural causeswear out, decay, get used up, become obsolete, or lose value from natural causes not be inventory, stock in trade, or investment propertynot be inventory, stock in trade, or investment property

DEPRECIABLE PROPERTY TANGIBLE - can be seen or touchedTANGIBLE - can be seen or touched personal property - includes assets such as machinery, vehicles, equipment, furniture, etc... personal property - includes assets such as machinery, vehicles, equipment, furniture, etc... real property - anything erected on, growing on, or attached to land real property - anything erected on, growing on, or attached to land (Since land does not have a determinable life itself, it is not depreciable) INTANGIBLE - personal property, such as copyright, patent or franchiseINTANGIBLE - personal property, such as copyright, patent or franchise

WHEN DEPRECIATION STARTS AND STOPS Depreciation starts when property is placed in service for use in business or for production of incomeDepreciation starts when property is placed in service for use in business or for production of income Property is considered in service when ready and available for specific use, even if not actually used yetProperty is considered in service when ready and available for specific use, even if not actually used yet Depreciation stops when cost of placing it in service is removed or it is retired from serviceDepreciation stops when cost of placing it in service is removed or it is retired from service

DEPRECIATION CONCEPTS Adjusted cost basis -- allowable adjustment (increase or decrease) to original cost basis, used to calculate depreciation and depletion deductionsAdjusted cost basis -- allowable adjustment (increase or decrease) to original cost basis, used to calculate depreciation and depletion deductions Basis, or cost basis -- also called unadjusted cost -- initial cost of acquiring an asset, plus sales tax, transportation, and normal costs of making asset serviceableBasis, or cost basis -- also called unadjusted cost -- initial cost of acquiring an asset, plus sales tax, transportation, and normal costs of making asset serviceable Adjusted cost basis -- allowable adjustment (increase or decrease) to original cost basis, used to calculate depreciation and depletion deductionsAdjusted cost basis -- allowable adjustment (increase or decrease) to original cost basis, used to calculate depreciation and depletion deductions Basis, or cost basis -- also called unadjusted cost -- initial cost of acquiring an asset, plus sales tax, transportation, and normal costs of making asset serviceableBasis, or cost basis -- also called unadjusted cost -- initial cost of acquiring an asset, plus sales tax, transportation, and normal costs of making asset serviceable

DEPRECIATION CONCEPTS Book Value (BV) -- Worth of depreciable property as shown on accounting recordsBook Value (BV) -- Worth of depreciable property as shown on accounting records -- Original cost basis of property, including adjustments, less allowable depletion or depreciation deductions -- Original cost basis of property, including adjustments, less allowable depletion or depreciation deductions -- Represents amount of capital remaining invested in property and must be recovered in future through accounting -- Represents amount of capital remaining invested in property and must be recovered in future through accounting (Book Value) k = adjusted cost basis -  k j=1 (depreciation deduction) j

DEPRECIATION CONCEPTS Market Value (MV) -- Amount paid by willing buyer to willing seller for property where no advantage and no compulsion to transactMarket Value (MV) -- Amount paid by willing buyer to willing seller for property where no advantage and no compulsion to transact -- approximate present value of what will be received through ownership of property, including time-value of money (or profit) -- approximate present value of what will be received through ownership of property, including time-value of money (or profit)

DEPRECIATION CONCEPTS Recovery Period -- Number of years over which basis of property is recovered through accounting process.Recovery Period -- Number of years over which basis of property is recovered through accounting process. -- Normally the useful life for classical methods -- Normally the useful life for classical methods -- Property class for General Depreciation System (GDS) under MACRS -- Property class for General Depreciation System (GDS) under MACRS -- Class Life for Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) -- Class Life for Alternative Depreciation System (ADS) Recovery Rate -- Percentage for each year of MACRS recovery period used to calculate an annual depreciation deduction.Recovery Rate -- Percentage for each year of MACRS recovery period used to calculate an annual depreciation deduction.

DEPRECIATION CONCEPTS Salvage Value (SV) -- Estimated value of property at the end of useful life.Salvage Value (SV) -- Estimated value of property at the end of useful life. -- expected selling price of property when asset can no longer be used productively -- expected selling price of property when asset can no longer be used productively -- net salvage value used when expenses incurred in disposing of property; cash outflows must be deducted from cash inflows for final net salvage value -- net salvage value used when expenses incurred in disposing of property; cash outflows must be deducted from cash inflows for final net salvage value -- with classical methods of depreciation, estimated salvage value is established and used -- with classical methods of depreciation, estimated salvage value is established and used -- with MACRS, the salvage value of depreciable property is defined to be zero -- with MACRS, the salvage value of depreciable property is defined to be zero Salvage Value (SV) -- Estimated value of property at the end of useful life.Salvage Value (SV) -- Estimated value of property at the end of useful life. -- expected selling price of property when asset can no longer be used productively -- expected selling price of property when asset can no longer be used productively -- net salvage value used when expenses incurred in disposing of property; cash outflows must be deducted from cash inflows for final net salvage value -- net salvage value used when expenses incurred in disposing of property; cash outflows must be deducted from cash inflows for final net salvage value -- with classical methods of depreciation, estimated salvage value is established and used -- with classical methods of depreciation, estimated salvage value is established and used -- with MACRS, the salvage value of depreciable property is defined to be zero -- with MACRS, the salvage value of depreciable property is defined to be zero

DEPRECIATION CONCEPTS Useful Life -- Expected (estimated) period of time property will be used in trade or business or to produce income; sometimes referred to as depreciable life.Useful Life -- Expected (estimated) period of time property will be used in trade or business or to produce income; sometimes referred to as depreciable life.

DEPRECIATION CONCEPTS The following terms are used in the classical (historical) depreciation method equations: N = depreciable life of the asset in years B = cost basis, including allowable adjustments d k = annual depreciation deduction in year k (1< k <N) d k* = cummulative depreciation through year k BV k = book value at the end of year k BV N = book value at the end of the depreciable (useful) life SV N = salvage value at the end of year N R = the ratio of depreciation in any one year to the BV at the beginning of the year

STRAIGHT-LINE (SL) METHOD Simplest depreciation methodSimplest depreciation method Assumes constant amount is depreciated each year over depreciable (useful) lifeAssumes constant amount is depreciated each year over depreciable (useful) life d k = ( B - SV N ) / N d k* = kd k for 1 < k < N BV k = B - d k* This method requires an estimate of the final SV ( also the final book value at the end of year N )This method requires an estimate of the final SV ( also the final book value at the end of year N )

INFORMATION NEEDED TO CALCULATE MACRS DEPRECIATION 1. The cost basis 2. The date the property was placed in service 3. The property class and recovery period 4. The MACRS depreciation used (GDS or ADS) 5. The time convention that applies (half year)

TYPES OF TAXES 1. Income taxes - assessed as a function of gross revenues minus allowable deductions - levied at federal, most state, and some municipal governments - levied at federal, most state, and some municipal governments 2. Property taxes - assessed as a function of owned property value; - independent of income or profit of firm - independent of income or profit of firm - levied at municipal, county, and / or state level - levied at municipal, county, and / or state level 3. Sales taxes - assessed on purchases of goods and services - independent of gross income or profits - independent of gross income or profits - relevent to engineering studies as added cost - relevent to engineering studies as added cost 4. Excise taxes - assessed on sale of certain nonessential goods and services - independent of business income and profit - independent of business income and profit - cost ultimately to consumer, despite original target - cost ultimately to consumer, despite original target

BEFORE-TAX MARR ( Before Tax MARR ) [ ( 1- effective income tax rate ) ] After Tax MARR ~ ~ -

BEFORE-TAX MARR ( Before Tax MARR ) [ ( 1- effective income tax rate ) ] After Tax MARR After-tax MARR Before-tax MARR ( 1 - effective tax rate ) ( 1 - effective tax rate ) ~ ~ ~ ~ -

BEFORE-TAX MARR ( Before Tax MARR ) [ ( 1- effective income tax rate ) ] After Tax MARR After-tax MARR Before-tax MARR ( 1 - effective tax rate ) ( 1 - effective tax rate ) If the asset is nondepreciable and there are no gains or losses on disposal, tax credits, or other types of deductions involved this approximation in the equation above is exactIf the asset is nondepreciable and there are no gains or losses on disposal, tax credits, or other types of deductions involved this approximation in the equation above is exact ~ ~ ~ ~ -

BEFORE-TAX MARR ( Before Tax MARR ) [ ( 1- effective income tax rate ) ] After Tax MARR After-tax MARR Before-tax MARR ( 1 - effective tax rate ) ( 1 - effective tax rate ) If the asset is nondepreciable and there are no gains or losses on disposal, tax credits, or other types of deductions involved this approximation in the equation above is exactIf the asset is nondepreciable and there are no gains or losses on disposal, tax credits, or other types of deductions involved this approximation in the equation above is exact Otherwise, some degree of error is introduced, since the factors cited affect amount and timing of income tax paymentsOtherwise, some degree of error is introduced, since the factors cited affect amount and timing of income tax payments ~ ~ ~ ~ -

CALCULATING TAXABLE INCOME - NET INCOME BEFORE TAXES ( NIBT ) - Calculate Gross IncomeCalculate Gross Income Gross Profits ( revenues from sales - cost of goods sold ) + income from dividends, interest, rent, royalties, and gains (losses) from sale or exchange of capital assets + income from dividends, interest, rent, royalties, and gains (losses) from sale or exchange of capital assets Deduct all ordinary and necessary operating expenses to conduct businessDeduct all ordinary and necessary operating expenses to conduct business Include interest but exclude capital investments Deduct depreciationDeduct depreciation taxable income = gross income - all expenses - depreciation

NET INCOME AFTER TAXES (NIAT) The income after taxes have been deducted from the taxable income or Net Income Before TaxesThe income after taxes have been deducted from the taxable income or Net Income Before Taxes Net Income After Taxes = NIBT - income taxes

EFFECTIVE (MARGINAL) CORPORATE INCOME TAX RATE As personal income tax rates are based on income brackets, so, too, is corporate income taxAs personal income tax rates are based on income brackets, so, too, is corporate income tax Depending on the bracket a firm’s income falls within, the marginal federal rate can vary from 15% to a maximum of 39% (for incomes between $100,000 and $335,000)Depending on the bracket a firm’s income falls within, the marginal federal rate can vary from 15% to a maximum of 39% (for incomes between $100,000 and $335,000) Incomes above $18,333,333 are taxed at a flat rate of 35%Incomes above $18,333,333 are taxed at a flat rate of 35% –TRA 86 responsible for lowering maximum rate from 46% to 35% – Also created alternative minimum tax (AMT)

GAIN (LOSS) ON DISPOSAL OF A DEPRECIABLE TANGIBLE ASSET [ GAIN (LOSS) ON DISPOSAL ] N = MV N - BV N If gain, referred to as depreciation recaptureIf gain, referred to as depreciation recapture Tax for gain (loss) is usually the same as ordinary income gain (loss) -- effective income tax rate, tTax for gain (loss) is usually the same as ordinary income gain (loss) -- effective income tax rate, t For capital asset sold or exchanged, gain (loss) referred to as capital gain (loss)For capital asset sold or exchanged, gain (loss) referred to as capital gain (loss) capital assets are stocks, bonds, gold, silver, other metals, and real propertycapital assets are stocks, bonds, gold, silver, other metals, and real property

BEFORE-TAX ECONOMIC ANALYSIS NIBT = ( R k – E k - d k ) T k = - t ( R k – E k – d k ) R k = revenues (and savings from the project: cash inflow from project during period ‘k’ E k = cash outflows during year k for deductible expenses and interest d k = sum of all noncash, or book costs during year ‘k’, such as depreciation and depletion t = effective income tax rate on ordinary income (federal, state and other); assumed to remain constant during the study period T k = income taxes paid during year ‘k’