Chapter Eighteen: Foreign Policy and National Security 1

Learning Objectives Define foreign policy, defense policy, and diplomacy. Compare and contrast moral idealism with political realism in framing foreign policy. Describe the impact of issues such as nuclear proliferation and terrorism on foreign policy. Describe and explain the current situation in Iraq, with special attention to the attitudes of the three main ethnic groups. 2

Learning Objectives Summarize several current foreign policy concerns, including: The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the internationally proposed solution, the position of the Israelis, and the position of the Palestinians; The growing economic power of China and the concerns this provokes, especially relating to Taiwan; and The problem of North Korea’s nuclear weapons development program. 3

Learning Objectives Evaluate the formal and informal powers of the president to make foreign policy. Identify the principal agencies that assist the president in developing foreign policy. 4

Learning Objectives Trace the stages of U.S. foreign policy development including:  early foreign policy,  the Monroe Doctrine and isolationism,  internationalism,  The Cold War,  Containment and détente, and  Bush’s doctrine of preemption. 5

Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy Foreign policy includes the techniques and strategies used to achieve external goals, as well as the goals themselves. Diplomacy Economic Aid Technical Assistance 6

Facing the World: Foreign and Defense Policy National Security Policy : National security is the protection of the independence and political and economic integrity of the United States. Defense Policy Diplomacy 7

Morality versus Reality in Foreign Policy Moral idealism Political realism American foreign policy—a mixture of both 8

The Major Foreign Policy Themes Formative Years: Avoiding Entanglements Era of Internationalism  The Cold War  Containment Policy 9

The Major Foreign Policy Themes Superpower Relations: Cuba Missile Crisis Period of Détente Reagan-Bush Years Dissolution of the Soviet Union 10

The Major Foreign Policy Themes 11

Challenges in World Politics Emerging World Order Threat of Terrorism  Terrorism and Regional Strife  Terrorist Attacks against Foreign Civilians  September 11  London Bombings 12

Challenges in World Politics 13

Challenges in World Politics War on Terrorism: Military Responses A New Kind of War—Bush Doctrine 14

Challenges in World Politics Iraq Wars  Persian Gulf—The First Gulf War  Iraq War  Occupied Iraq  Situation Worsens  Continuing Insurgency 15

Challenges in World Politics 16

Challenges in World Politics Nuclear Weapons  United States and the Soviet Union  Nuclear Proliferation 17

Challenges in World Politics Regional Conflicts  Cuba  Israel and the Palestinians  Wars and AIDS in Africa 18

Who Makes Foreign Policy? Constitutional Powers of the President  War Powers  Treaties and Executive Agreements  Other Constitutional Powers Informal Techniques of Presidential Leadership 19

Who Makes Foreign Policy? Department of State National Security Council Intelligence community Department of Defense 20

Congress Balances the Presidency The War Powers Resolution (1973) Presidents since 1973 have often not consulted Congress before committing troops, and that can create a situation in which Congress does not dare recall them. Congress can limit or deny presidential requests for military assistance. 21

Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy Elite and Mass Opinion Military-Industrial Complex 22

Web Links Center for Security Studies (CSS): An academic institute that provides information about human rights, national security, and other issues from a European point of view: Brookings Institute: a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington, DC. Go to:

What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons? At the height of the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union possessed more than 10,000 nuclear warheads for missile launch. Several agreements have been signed by the United States and Russia to destroy significant numbers of these weapons. 24

What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons? The United States still maintains about 5000 active and inactive nuclear warheads and more than 4000 "retired" warheads waiting for disposal. Russia has about 2600 active warheads and more than 8000 "retired" warheads. 25

What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons? If the United States unilaterally destroyed its nuclear weapons, it is likely that the other Western powers would do so too. Russia may also destroy theirs. It is unclear what China, India, or Pakistan would do. 26

What If… The United States Disposed of All of Its Nuclear Weapons? It is very expensive and difficult to dispose of nuclear weapons materials. Political disagreements have slowed down the process of getting rid of nuclear weapons. 27

You Can Make a Difference: Working for Human Rights In many countries throughout the world, human rights are not protected. The strongest reason for involving yourself with human rights issues in other countries is simple moral altruism— unselfish regard for the welfare of others. Working for peace can reduce the frequency of wars. 28

You Can Make a Difference: Working for Human Rights Students can: join an organization that attempts to keep watch over human rights violations. keep informed about the state of affairs in other nations. write personally to governments that violate human rights. Contact Amnesty International at