Animation The different techniques explained A presentation by Andrea Joyce

Hand drawn animation Traditional animation, also referred to as classical animation, cel animation, or hand- drawn animation, is the oldest and historically the most popular form of animation. In a traditionally-animated cartoon, each frame is drawn by hand Disney used this type of animation, some animators, even those working in the industry today, choose to use the traditional drawn method. Others use computer programmes that simulate the traditional method such as photoshop Y Y

Stop Motion Animation Stop-motion animation, is the term used to describe animation created by physically manipulating real-world objects and photographing them one frame of film at a time to create the illusion of movement. There are many different types of stop-motion animation, usually named after the type of media used to create the animation, these include: Cutout animation Claymation animation Model animation (like the classic King-Kong) Object animation Puppet animation

Cutout Animation Cutout animation is a unique technique for producing animations using flat characters, props and backgrounds cut from materials such as paper, card, stiff fabric or even photographs. The world's earliest known animated feature films were cutout animations (made in Argentina by Quirino Cristiani as early as 1917) Angela Anaconda is a contemporary example of the use of cutout animation. The programme combines black-and-white photographs with cutout-style CGI animation.

Clay animation/Claymation In clay animation, which is one of the many forms of stop motion animation, each object is sculpted in clay or a similarly pliable material such as Plasticine, usually around a wire skeleton called an armature. Producing a stop motion animation using clay is extremely laborious. 12 changes are usually made for one second of film movement. For a 30-minute movie, there would be approximately 21,600 stops to change the figures for the frames. For a full length (90 min) movie, there would be approximately 64,800 stops and possibly far more if parts were shot with "singles" or "ones" (one frame exposed for each shot). Great care must be taken to ensure the object is not altered by accident, by even slight smudges, dirt, hair, or even dust. For feature-length productions, the use of clay has generally been supplanted by rubber silicone and resin-cast components. Gumby, an animated character first seen on TV in The Trap Door intro. Claymation TV series from 1984, ran for 40 episodes

Computer animation Computer animation encompasses a variety of techniques, the unifying idea being that the animation is created digitally on a computer. The term covers 2D animation using Flash to the CGi techniques used in Pixar’s many successful films. S57J9E

Sand Animation During the process of sand animation an artist creates a series of images using sand, a process which is achieved by applying sand to a surface and then rendering images by drawing lines and figures in the sand with one's hands. To increase visibility and to add further artistic aesthetic, a sand animation performer will often use the aid of an overhead projector or lightboard. In the latter, animators move around sand on a backlighted or frontlighted piece of glass to create each frame for their animated films. Ferenc Cako - Story Of The Old Castle

Drawn on film animation Drawn on film animation (also known as "direct animation", or "animation without camera") is an animation technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on film stock, as opposed to any other form of animation where the images or objects are photographed frame by frame with an animation camera There are two basic methods to produce animation directly on film. One starts with blank film stock, the other one with black (already developed) film. On blank film the artist can draw, paint, stamp, or even glue objects. Black film (or any footage) can be scratched, etched, sanded, or punched. Any tool the artist finds useful may be used for this, and all techniques can be combined endlessly. The frame borders may be observed or completely ignored, found footage may be included, any existing image might be distorted by mechanical or chemical means. The first and best known practictioners of drawn on film animation were Len Lye and Norman McLaren, who produced numerous animated films using these methods. Their work already covered the whole span between storytelling and totally abstract animation. Two Sisters by Caroline Leaf A Colour Box by Len Lye (1935)