CHAPTER1: PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN Engineering Mathematics

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Introduction/Description  Principles of Design will cover essential engineering mathematical concepts that will allow you to practice civil engineering design principles by scaling, measuring, and constructing a model truss or suspension bridge.  You will complete team building exercises to calculate dimensions, resultant force, and force using a free-body diagram. 2

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Outline 3 1.Free-body Diagrams 2.Calculus Gear Speed, Torque, and Pitch 3.Dimensioning and Tolerance 4.Designing a Truss

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Objectives and Results 4  Objectives  To understand and execute the team building process.  To understand and execute dimensional analysis and the principles of design.  To understand the purpose of technical drawings.  Results  The result will be to build a truss or suspension bridge, using the principles of design.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Schedule of Assignments Class PeriodsTopicReadingAssignment 1-2 Introduction Vocabulary Civil Engineering O*Net Chapter 1.1#1-Individual Write a one page paper about the Civil Engineering Occupation. 3-4 Team Building Chapter 1.2#2-Form teams and discuss leadership roles and team member responsibilities as a class. 5-6 Technical Drawing Chapter 1.3#3-Practice technical drawing and complete technical drawing practice assignment Bridge Building Contest Chapter 1.4#4-In teams, build a truss or suspension bridge using the materials provided. 5

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Vocabulary  Team Building  Dimensional Analysis  Principles of Design  Technical Drawing  Truss Bridge  Suspension Bridge 6

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Civil Engineering Profession 7  Visit the O*Net website (  Write a one-page essay on the civil engineering profession.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Principles of Design The Principles of Design lesson consists of five sections:  Introduction and Team Building  Dimensional Analysis  Principles of Design  Technical Drawing  Bridge Building Contest 8

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Team Building “A team is a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.” Katzenbach, Jon R., and Smith, Douglas K., The wisdom of teams: creating the high- performance organization; Jon R. Katzenbach, Douglas K. Smith Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Mass.: What is a team?

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. What is Team Building?  Creating a successful team can be a challenging task.  Teams must rely on the process called team building.  Team building integrates individual skills and resources into a unified effort. 10

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Team Building Actions Team building involves the following actions:  Encouraging team members to examine how they currently work together  Portraying ideal ways of collaborating  Exploring the gaps and weaknesses they currently suffer from  Establishing action plans for implementing more effective ways of cooperating 11

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. What is a Team Leader?  Team building is best aided by a team leader or a facilitator.  A team leader or facilitator performs several tasks:  Helps the group learn about itself  Observes team meetings  Gives feedback and key observations to the team 12

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. What Does a Team Leader Do?  A team leader probes, questions, listens, watches for nonverbal cues, and stimulates problem solving.  The intended results include a team that is open to new alternatives, who is aware of their resources, has the ability to think and act independently, and is willing to explore the consequences of their current or proposed actions. 13

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Benefits of Team Building There are several benefits for executing team building:  Improves morale and leadership skills  Clearly defines objectives and goals  Improves processes and procedures  Improves team productivity  Identifies a team's strengths and weaknesses  Improves the team’s ability to problem solve 14

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Team Building Assignment In your team, discuss leadership roles and responsibilities of team members.  Select roles for each team member.  Write and agree to team contract.  Have your teacher approve your team contract.  Discuss implications of team building in the field of engineering. 15

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Dimensional Analysis in Action  Dimensional analysis is a method of analyzing equations or physical quantities in terms of their dimensions and units.  Dimensional analysis can be used to  derive or construct an equation,  verify that an equation is valid, or  determine the units of a solution or quantity in an equation. 16

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Physical Quantities and Dimensions  Physical quantity is a property of objects that can be measured, such as speed, force, frequency, or volume.  Dimension is a fundamental component of a physical quantity, such as length, time, mass, electric charge or temperature.  All dimensions are physical quantities, but not all physical quantities are dimensions. 17

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Dimensional Analysis You can use dimensions to learn more about a physical quantity or an equation. This is called dimensional analysis. 18 Physical QuantityDimensions SpeedLength/Time Force(Mass × Length)/(Time) 2 Frequency1/Time VolumeLength 3

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Two Major Systems of Units  Système International (SI)  This system is often referred to as the Metric System.  Units are based on “10” (e.g., meters, liters, grams).  SI units are most often used by scientists and engineers. Units: The Metric System 19  Customary System  This system is also known as “English” or “Imperial,” commonly used in regions colonized by the United Kingdom.  There is no standard relationship between different units (e.g., feet, gallons, pounds). Metric System versus Customary System

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. What are the Principles of Design?  Principles of design are laws for designing anything.  Principles of design involves nine principles:  Balance  Emphasis  Movement  Pattern  Repetition  Proportion  Rhythm  Variety  Unity 20

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #1: Balance Balance is the distribution of the visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space.  In symmetrical balance, the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side.  In asymmetrical balance, the sides are different but still look balanced.  In radial balance, the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar. Balance 21

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #2: Emphasis 22 Emphasis is the part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention. Usually the designer will make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. The area will be different in size, color, texture, or shape. Emphasis

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #3: Movement  Movement is the path the viewer’s eye takes through the artwork, often to focal areas.  Such movement can be directed along lines edges, shape and color within the artwork. Movement 23

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #5: Repetition  Repetition works with pattern to make the artwork seem active.  The repetition of elements of design creates unity within the artwork. Repetition 24

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #4: Pattern Pattern 25 Pattern is the repeating of an object or symbol all over the artwork.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #6: Proportion 26 Proportion is the feeling of unity created when all parts (sizes, amounts, or number) relate well with each other. When drawing the human figure, proportion can refer to the size of the head compared to the rest of the body. Proportion

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #7: Rhythm  Rhythm is created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement.  Variety is essential to keep rhythm exciting and active, and moving the viewer around the artwork.  Rhythm creates a mood like music or dancing. Rhythm 27

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #8: Variety Variety 28 Variety is the use of several elements of design to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through the artwork.

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. #9: Unity Unity is the feeling of harmony between all parts of the artwork creating a sense of completeness. Unity 29

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Technical Drawing  In this technical drawing section, you will draw the bridge from the team building exercise. You will use the principles of design, as you draw your truss or suspension bridges.  Technical drawing is the oldest type of written expression.  It has been used from the time of the ancient Egyptian pyramids and the classical Greek Parthenon to the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller and NASA’s space stations. 30

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Technical Drawing, cont. Many prominent American leaders used instruments for preparing accurate technical drawings.  George Washington was a surveyor. He and his military officers used drafting skills for mapping new territories.  Thomas Jefferson prepared house plans for Monticello, his beautiful mansion in Virginia, and for the University of Virginia. 31

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. What is Technical Drawing?  A word is an abstract symbol representing a thing or an idea, but a picture represents an object the way it appears in real life.  Confucius said, “One picture is worth a thousand words.”  To understand the truth of this statement, try to tell in words how to build a house, a model, or a mechanical device. 32

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. What is Technical Drawing?, cont.  However, no object is so complicated that it cannot be drawn.  Technical drawing, or drafting, allows you to communicate ideas clearly and effectively.  Engineering drawing is one form of technical drawing that shows the construction of a mechanical part or device. 33

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Main Classes of Technical Drawings  Artistic  The artist is allowed to express philosophic or aesthetic ideas or emotions.  The objects created are drawn in the artist’s personal style.  The drawing looks the way the artists sees the object, not necessarily the way the object really appears.  Technical  The technical person is concerned with how objects really are.  Technical drawings show objects as true to life as possible.  Accuracy is one of the main objectives of a technical drawing. 34

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Users of Technical Drawing  Engineers, inventors, or designers usually create the first drawings of their design themselves.  They often first produce a freehand sketch and then a more accurate drafting representation is created.  Some of the ways to communicate a technical drawing include the use of Computer-aided Design (CAD) and using precision drafting tools. 35

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Working Drawings  When the designer is satisfied with the development of the idea, working drawings are created for the manufacturing shop.  A working drawing is a complete drawing. The working drawing is a complete description of the object.  The drawing is composed of two parts: the views and the dimensions. 36

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Branches of Technical Drawing Technical drawing is composed of many specialized types of drawing applied to various fields.  Architectural drawing is used in the building industry.  Machine drawing is used in the manufacturing industries.  Structural drawing is used in the construction industries, where structural steel is used for large buildings and bridges.  Sheet metal, electrical, aeronautical, and marine drawings are other areas. 37

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Essentials of Technical Drawing A technical drawing must be  drawn accurately,  drawn with proper technique (lines must exhibit good contrast),  be neat, and  made with speed. 38

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Technical Drawing Assignment Choose any one mechanical item and create the following four technical drawings of your item:  Freehand sketch  Drafting representation  Dimensional drawing  Artistic rendition following the principles of design Note: All four drawings should be turned-in on the same sheet of paper (you may use front and back). 39

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Bridge Building Contest 1.Create a team of three (3) students and research truss and suspension bridges. 2.Develop a plan for designing your team’s truss or suspension bridges. 3.Create a technical drawing of your team’s bridge. 40

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Bridge Building Contest, cont. 4.Construct your team’s bridge. 5.Create a presentation, after the bridge completion. 6.Present your team’s presentation and test the strength of your team’s bridge. 41

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Credits 42  ClipArt;  Images;  Slide 21 Balance video; from YouTube user: uxpassion;  Slide 22 Emphasis video; from YouTube user; Ari Richter;

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Credits, cont. 43  Slide 23 Movement video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;  Slide 24 Pattern video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;  Slide 25 Repetition video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Credits, cont. 44  Slide 26 Proportion video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;  Slide 27 Rhythm video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;  Slide 28 Variety video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;

Copyright © Texas Education Agency All rights reserved. Credits, cont. 45  Slide 29 Unity video; from YouTube user; expertvillage;