Chapter 23 p

Cold War United Nations: born out of wartime cooperation among allies to maintain peace. United Nations: born out of wartime cooperation among allies to maintain peace. –Began on April 25, 1945 in San Francisco –50 delegates from 50 nations –Includes 3 major agencies:  General Assembly: forum where all member nations may express their views.  Security Council: 5 permanent members and 10 elected by the General Assembly (2 yr terms) –Permanent members: U.S., Russia, Britain, France and China (have power to veto over UN proposals)  Secretariat: the bureaucracy and center of administration.

United Nations cont. Hoped it would provide a forum for rational discussion and a means of furthering world peace. Hoped it would provide a forum for rational discussion and a means of furthering world peace. Become a sounding board for propaganda, particularly for Communist and anti-American views. Become a sounding board for propaganda, particularly for Communist and anti-American views. The Security Council’s ability to veto an action limits the UN’s ability to act. The Security Council’s ability to veto an action limits the UN’s ability to act. Inability of the organization to force members to recognize its authority has hampered its efforts to preserve peace Inability of the organization to force members to recognize its authority has hampered its efforts to preserve peace

The Cold War [ ]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: 1.Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] 2.Arms Race [nuclear escalation] 3.Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” 4.Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Containing Communism Eastern Europe Eastern Europe –Soviet Union had installed “puppet” governments in Poland and Rumania before the war ended (1945). –After 1945 East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, Albania, and Yugoslavia fell under Communist control. –1948 Czechoslovakia was the last Eastern European country to succumb to Soviet conquest.

The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

U.S. Response Truman responded with a policy of containment; provide military and economic support to halt Soviet expansion. Truman responded with a policy of containment; provide military and economic support to halt Soviet expansion.

Truman Doctrine [1947] 1.Civil 1.Civil War in Greece. 2.Turkey 2.Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. 3.The 3.The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. 4.The 4.The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948] 1.“European Recovery Program.” 2.Secretary of State, George Marshall 3.The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4.$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)  United States  Belgium  Britain  Canada  Denmark  France  Iceland  Italy  Luxemburg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  1952: Greece & Turkey  1955: West Germany  1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } Albania } Bulgaria } Czechoslovakia } East Germany } Hungary } Poland } Rumania

Post-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift ( )

Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China? – A 2 nd } Power!

China Falls to Communism Chiang Kai-shek led the Nationalists Chiang Kai-shek led the Nationalists Mao Zedong: leader of the Communists Mao Zedong: leader of the Communists The two struggled against each other since the 1920s. The two struggled against each other since the 1920s. Took a break during WWII Took a break during WWII 1949 Communist forces gained control of mainland China Communist forces gained control of mainland China. Nationalists forces set up a government in Taiwan. Nationalists forces set up a government in Taiwan.

Growing Interest in China Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong People’s Republic of China: In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war.

The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

The Korean War Korea divided at the 38 th parallel into a Communist North and non-Communist in South Korea. Korea divided at the 38 th parallel into a Communist North and non-Communist in South Korea North invaded the South 1950 North invaded the South UN responded by sending troops to aid the South. UN responded by sending troops to aid the South. Douglas MacArthur was in charge of the UN forces. Douglas MacArthur was in charge of the UN forces. –“No substitute for victory” wanted to expand the war into China. –Truman held to a principle of limited warfare: a war with a limited objective short of total victory over an enemy.

Korean War [ ]

Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

The U.N. sent an international force to Korea in order to push the North Koreans out of South Korea. United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea, from communist invaders, September 1950.

LuxembourgLuxembourg - 7 NorwayNorway (noncombat role) South AfricaSouth Africa - 20 United StatesUnited States – 33,741 New ZealandNew Zealand - 31 PhilippinesPhilippines - 92 South KoreaSouth Korea – 137,899 SwedenSweden (noncombat role) ThailandThailand TurkeyTurkey United KingdomUnited Kingdom – 1,078 United NationsUnited Nations - 932,964 troops served NetherlandsNetherlands AustraliaAustralia BelgiumBelgium - 97 CanadaCanada ColombiaColombia DenmarkDenmark (noncombat role) EthiopiaEthiopia FranceFrance GreeceGreece IndiaIndia (noncombat role) ItalyItaly (noncombat role) United Nations Forces in Korea: (Nation – Number Killed in Action)

U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led the U.N. force, approximately 80% of which were U.S. soldiers. MacArthur at Inch'on landing

Americans pushed to the Pusan Perimeter …the North Koreans had pushed the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan…a "grim-faced and business-like" MacArthur visited Eighth Army commander Walton Walker. A witness said that MacArthur told Walker, "There will be no Dunkirk in this command. To retire to Pusan will be unacceptable." Gen. Walker gave the "stand or die" order, and over the next six weeks a desperate, bloody struggle ensued as the North Koreans threw everything they had at American and ROK (South Korean) forces in an effort to gain complete control over Korea.

With what is widely considered the crowning example of his military genius, MacArthur completely changed the course of the war overnight by ordering -- over nearly unanimous objections -- an amphibious invasion at the port of Inchon, near Seoul…The Americans quickly gained control of Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days, and cut the North Korean supply lines. American and ROK forces broke out of the Pusan Perimeter and chased the retreating enemy north. On September 27, after Washington had consulted with its allies Inchon regarding war aims, MacArthur received permission to pursue the enemy into North Korea. ROK forces crossed the 38th parallel on October 1, opening a fateful new chapter in the conflict.

Approaching the Yalu The Chinese army, which had been massing north of the Yalu River after secretly slipping into North Korea, struck with considerable force. After suffering setbacks, the U.N. forces stabilized their lines by November 5, only to watch the Chinese withdraw northward as quickly as they had struck. MacArthur was now worried enough to press Washington for greater latitude in taking the fight into China. He nevertheless launched a great offensive toward the end of November, which he optimistically hoped would end the war in Korea and "get the boys home by Christmas." It proved a terrible miscalculation.

An Entirely New War MacArthur's "all-out offensive" to the Yalu had barely begun when the Chinese struck with awesome force on the night of November 25. Roughly 300,000 Chinese troops overwhelmed the U.N. forces. On November 28, a shaken MacArthur informed the Joint Chiefs, "We face an entirely new war." MacArthur's men fought courageously and skillfully just to avoid annihilation, as they were pushed back down the peninsula. Seoul changed hands yet again on January 5. But under the able and energetic of General Matthew Ridgway, the U.N. retreat ended about 70 miles below Seoul.

Stalemate Beginning January 15, 1952, Gen. Ridgway led the U.N. in a slow advance northward. Inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese and North Koreans, the U.N. re-recaptured Seoul (the fourth and final time it changed hands!) on March 15, and had patrols crossing the 38th parallel on March 31. A stalemate ensued, which lasting for another two years. Not until nearly two million more had died did the Korean War end, when an armistice was signed on July 27, 1953.

Ending the War: President Truman disagreed with MacArthur about attacking China. Gen. MacArthur wanted to attack China with support of Chinese nationalists. U.N. troops regained South Korea by March of 1951.

Truman fired MacArthur for defying him by publicly taunting and threatening the Chinese.

The Shifting Map of Korea [ ]

Accommodating Communism Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy continued the policy of containment but mixed with a more willingness to accommodate Communism. Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy continued the policy of containment but mixed with a more willingness to accommodate Communism. –Peaceful coexistence: the term coined to describe the relationship between U.S. and the Soviet Union. –Indo china: After WWII France tried to reclaim her lost territory.

Cont. Communists in Vietnam played on the anti French sentiment to begin a revolution. Communists in Vietnam played on the anti French sentiment to begin a revolution. Ho Chi Minh: leader of the Communists conducted guerrilla warfare against the French. Ho Chi Minh: leader of the Communists conducted guerrilla warfare against the French. –U.S. sent limited aid but refused to send military aid Vietnam was divided into a Communist North and a French controlled South Vietnam was divided into a Communist North and a French controlled South. U.S. sent 2,000 military advisors to aid Ngo Dinh Diem (anti-Communist president). U.S. sent 2,000 military advisors to aid Ngo Dinh Diem (anti-Communist president). –Domino theory: that if one non Communist nation in Southeast Asia fell to communism, then other nations would fall like a row of dominoes.

Cuba Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgenico Batista Y Zaldivar. Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban dictator Fulgenico Batista Y Zaldivar. Created a Communist state. Created a Communist state. –Nationalized foreign-owned property and signed a trade agreement with the Soviet Union. –U.S. responded with trade sanctions, broke diplomatic ties and authorized the CIA to plan an attack.  The Bay of Pigs: failed attempt to assassinate Fidel Castro –Cuban Missile Crisis: American intelligence confirmed the existence of missile sites under construction. –Kennedy ordered a blockade of Cuba. –Fortunately the Soviets honored it and agreed to move the missiles.

The Missiles: One Site

The Berlin Crisis Berlin’s Significance Khrushchev demanded that the United States recognize East Germany as an independent Communist nation. Khrushchev demanded that the United States recognize East Germany as an independent Communist nation. West Berlin was an island of freedom. West Berlin was an island of freedom. Many East Germans fled to West Germany through Berlin. Many East Germans fled to West Germany through Berlin. Kennedy refused to be bullied, sent troops into West Germany, built nuclear shelters, and waited for Khrushchev’s next move. Kennedy refused to be bullied, sent troops into West Germany, built nuclear shelters, and waited for Khrushchev’s next move. The Berlin Wall On August 13, 1961, Khrushchev closed the crossing points between East and West Berlin. On August 13, 1961, Khrushchev closed the crossing points between East and West Berlin. A high concrete wall was built to prevent further escapes to freedom. A high concrete wall was built to prevent further escapes to freedom. Kennedy sent more troops, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited West Berlin. Kennedy sent more troops, and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited West Berlin. Kennedy said “A wall is a … lot better than a war.” Kennedy said “A wall is a … lot better than a war.” Over time, the wall was extended and fortified. Over time, the wall was extended and fortified.

Truman and the Fair Deal Fair Deal: government commitment to full employment (federal spending designed to insure jobs for the unemployed). Fair Deal: government commitment to full employment (federal spending designed to insure jobs for the unemployed). –Conservative opposition killed it. –Instead, The Employment Act of 1946 was passed, which created the Council of Economic Advisers to advise the president on the economy. –Atomic Energy Commission: gave control over atomic energy to civilian rather than military authorities.

1946 Congress Captures Both Houses Taft-Hartley Act of 1947: permitted states to pass “right to work” laws banning the union shop, which required union membership as a condition for hiring. Taft-Hartley Act of 1947: permitted states to pass “right to work” laws banning the union shop, which required union membership as a condition for hiring. –It also required an 8 day cooling off period for strikes in businesses involving national interests, and union officials had to wear they were not communists. National Security Act: encouraged greater communication among the armed forces by creating the post of secretary of defense, a civilian cabinet position set over the army, navy and air force. National Security Act: encouraged greater communication among the armed forces by creating the post of secretary of defense, a civilian cabinet position set over the army, navy and air force. –National Security Act and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) were also created to assist the president in foreign policy matters.

Election of 1948 Truman’s future as president looked dim: Truman’s future as president looked dim: –Fired Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace for his pro-Soviet positions, upsetting the left wing of the Democratic Party. –Left wing Democratic supported Wallace on the Progressive ticket. –Conservative southern Democrats, walked out of the Democratic National Convention and nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina on a States’ Rights party ticket, more commonly known as the Dixiecrats.

Election of 1948 cont. Republicans nominate Thomas Dewey, the popular governor of New York. Republicans nominate Thomas Dewey, the popular governor of New York. Truman campaigns vigorously Truman campaigns vigorously –Calls Congress the “do-nothing” 80 th Congress. –He targeted his appeals to labor and blacks in the cities and farmers in the Midwest. –“I will win this election and make the Republicans like it.”

Truman Wins!!!! Biggest upset in the history of presidential elections. Biggest upset in the history of presidential elections. Congress passed many of the President’s Fair Deal proposals. Congress passed many of the President’s Fair Deal proposals. –Raised minimum wage, extended social security coverage, and gave more aid to farmers. Congress rejected the following: Congress rejected the following: –Civil Rights bill, federal aid to education, and national health insurance.

Anitcommunism in America