Theoretical Literature Review on Lack of Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Its Effects on Children Ellie Abdi Doctoral Researcher Faculty, Research & Professional Development Coordinator East Orange School District, New Jersey, USA Clinical Faculty Montclair State University, New Jersey, USA Presented to: Sport and Exercise Sciences Conference - Paris, France International Conference on Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, July 2015

The Relevant Academic Studies The total of 38 relevant documents were identified and considered: 19= original research articles published in peer reviewed journals. 19= statistical documents.

5 effects in deficiency of cardiorespiratory fitness in school aged children (A) Relative Age Effect (RAE) (B) Obesity (C) Inadequate fitness level (D) Unhealthy life style, and (E) Academics

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Capacity of the circulatory and respiratory systems which supply oxygen to skeletal muscles throughout continued physical activity.circulatoryrespiratory systems oxygenskeletal muscles Exercise improves the respiratory system by increasing the amount of oxygen that is inhaled and distributed to body tissue

Cardiorespiratory Endurance The ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel during sustained physical activity and to eliminate fatigue products after supplying fuel.

Literature Review on 5 Effects in Deficiency of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Relative Age Effect (RAE) With increasing age, total scores of physical fitness is improved (Norway). USA The percentage of youth aged 12–15 who had adequate levels of cardiorespiratory fitness decreased from 52.4% in 1999–2000 to 42.2% in yrs. old 77% participating in free-time physical activity in a week yrs. old 29% participated in 60min physical activity in a week.

B. Obesity 14 to 19% of U.S. children have a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral or emotional condition. 36% of American kids ages 10 to 17 with special needs are overweight or obese. 30% of general Ed children are overweight or obese. Suggestion=1) regular physical activity in childhood and adolescence. 2) Effective strategies for preventing and managing excess weight need to be developed.

C. Inadequate Fitness Level Adequate fitness level is not seen due to: 1. Habitual inactivity as children are aging. 2. Parental rules regarding screen time. 3. Participation in physical activity.

D. Unhealthy Lifestyle Suboptimal diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco. Attitude of students toward physical activity- declines by age.

Academics Most research shows higher cardiorespiratory fitness has an association with improved academic performance. Relationship between motor skills and cognitive functioning. Children with higher cardiorespiratory fitness have more efficient cognitive processing in compare to children with lower cardiorespiratory fitness. One article suggested that physical activity may influence academic performance during both childhood and adolescence nevertheless this association was negative and very weak.

Methods Electronic peer reviewed articles: 1.Google, Google Scholar and Roadrunner Search were identified through scholarly papers by using all combinations of the search terms. 2.Total of 38 related research studies were collected. 3. All selected articles were written after the year No literature review was found on direct ‘Theoretical literature review on lack of cardiorespiratory fitness and its effects on children.’

Dates which articles were written

Results (A) RAE= Significant decrease of physical activity in high school children which is direct results in inadequate fitness level. (B) Obesity= Occurs if cardiorespiratory fitness is not present. (C) Inadequate fitness level= Lack of movement. (D) Unhealthy lifestyle= Poor diet, physical inactivity, and tobacco. (E) Academics= Association with cognitive..

Results

Discussion and Conclusion Discussion Regular physical fitness assists children and adolescents to develop healthy physical activity behaviors which can be sustained throughout adult life. Conclusion Advocacy for increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behaviors at school and home are necessary.

Conclusion 1.Advocacy Increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary behavior must continue at school and home. 2.Schools aggressively need to fulfill the recommended physical education curriculum and physical education should be recognized as an academic subject and part of core curriculum subject. 3.Programs such as Play60 or Let’s move need be introduced and continued at home and schools. 4.Parents and caregiver encourage approaches to daily physical activities and decrease inactivity pattern.