3.1 Business and employment

Transportation - Reservation Systems

Users access an airline’s inventory through an availability display. It contains all offered flights for a particular city-pair with their available seats in the different booking classes. The availability of seats of other airlines is updated through standard industry interfaces. Depending on the type of co-operation it supports access to the last seat (Last Seat Availability) in real-time. Reservations for individual passengers or groups are stored in a so-called Passenger Name Record (PNR). Among other data, the PNR contains personal information such as name, contact information or special services requests (SSRs) e.g. for a vegetarian meal, as well as the flights (segments) and issued tickets. In addition most systems have interfaces to customer relationship management systems (CRM) or customer loyalty applications (aka Frequent Traveler Systems). Before a flight departs the so-called Passenger Name List (PNL) is handed over to the Departure Control System that is used to check-in passengers and baggage. Reservation data such as the number of booked passengers and special service requests is also transferred to Flight Operations Systems, Crew Management and Catering Systems. Once a flight has departed the reservation system is updated with a list of the checked-in passengers (e.g. passengers who had a reservation but did not check in (No Shows) and passengers who checked in, but didn’t have a reservation (Go Shows)). Finally data needed for revenue accounting and reporting is handed over to the administrative systems.

Transportation - Luggage Processing

The baggage handling system at an airport plays a crucial role in keeping travellers happy. It also can make the difference in an airport's ability to attract or keep a major airline hub A baggage-handling system has three main jobs: – Move bags from the check-in area to the departure gate – Move bags from one gate to another during transfers – Move bags from the arrival gate to the baggage-claim area

Transportation - Luggage Processing This system incorporates some amazing technology to move bags from the check-in counter to the departure gate in an almost completely automated way: – Destination-coded vehicles (DCVs), unmanned carts propelled by linear induction motors mounted to the tracks, can load and unload bags without stopping. – Automatic scanners scan the labels on the luggage. – Conveyors equipped with junctions and sorting machines automatically route the bags to the gate.

Transportation - Navigation

When people talk about "a GPS," they usually mean a GPS receiver. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one fails). The U.S. military developed and implemented this satellite network as a military navigation system, but soon opened it up to everybody else. Each of these 3,000- to 4,000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about 12,000 miles (19,300 km), making two complete rotations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at any time, anywhere on Earth, there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky. A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of these satellites, figure out the distanc­e to each, and use this information to deduce its own location. This operation is based on a simple mathematical principle called trilateration.

Transportation - Navigation A standard GPS receiver will not only place you on a map at any particular location, but will also trace your path across a map as you move. If you leave your receiver on, it can stay in constant communication with GPS satellites to see how your location is changing. With this information and its built-in clock, the receiver can give you several pieces of valuable information: How far you've traveled (odometer) How long you've been traveling Your current speed (speedometer) Your average speed A "bread crumb" trail showing you exactly where you have travelled on the map The estimated time of arrival at your destination if you maintain your current speed

Transportation - Scheduling and Distribution

Distribution planning. Dynamic Scheduling Vehicle routing

Transportation - Traffic Simulation

Traffic simulation or simulation of traffic/transportation systems is the modelling of transportation systems (e.g., freeways, arterials, downtown grid systems, etc) through the application of computer software to better help plan, design and operate transportation systems. Simulation in transportation is important because it can study models too complicated for analytical or numerical treatment and can produce attractive demos of present and future scenarios.

Transportation - Smart Roads and Cars

Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) Adaptive Headlights Lane Change Assistant / Blind Spot Detection Driver Drowsiness Monitoring and Warning Dynamic Traffic Management eCall Electronic Brake Assist System Electronic Stability Control (ESC) Extended Environment Information Gear Shift Indicator Intersection Assistant (not yet commercially available) Lane Departure Warning Local Danger Warning Night Vision Obstacle and Collision Warning Pedestrian/ Vulnerable Road User Protection (not yet commercially available) Speed Alert Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Wireless Local Danger Warning (not yet commercially available)

Transportation - Fuel Efficiency and Traffic Safety Systems

3.1 Business and employment