Chapter 3: Chemical and Physical Features of Water and the World Ocean. Marine Biology Mr. Swift

Chapter 3: Objectives Part I Define and differentiate between atoms, elements, and molecules. Define and differentiate between atoms, elements, and molecules. Describe the water molecule, including hydrogen bonding and the three states of water. Describe the water molecule, including hydrogen bonding and the three states of water. Define heat capacity and relate it to water and the marine environment. Define heat capacity and relate it to water and the marine environment. Discuss water as a solvent, including salts and ions in your discussion. Discuss water as a solvent, including salts and ions in your discussion. List the sources of salts in sea water. List the sources of salts in sea water.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part II Discuss the composition of sea water, including the most abundant dissolved Ions. Discuss the composition of sea water, including the most abundant dissolved Ions. Define salinity and list the typical salinity of sea water. Define salinity and list the typical salinity of sea water. Discuss the rule of constant proportions as it relates to seawater salinity. Discuss the rule of constant proportions as it relates to seawater salinity. Describe how evaporation and precipitation affect seawater salinity. Describe how evaporation and precipitation affect seawater salinity. Discuss how salinity and temperature affect the density of water. Discuss how salinity and temperature affect the density of water. Describe the range of salinity and temperature in the ocean. Describe the range of salinity and temperature in the ocean.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part III Create typical profile of temperature with depth. Create typical profile of temperature with depth. Define thermocline. Define thermocline. Describe how temperature data are collected in the ocean, including expendable bathythermographs and satellites. Describe how temperature data are collected in the ocean, including expendable bathythermographs and satellites. Discuss global sea surface temperature. Discuss global sea surface temperature. List the most common dissolved gases in sea water. List the most common dissolved gases in sea water. Describe the effect of temperature on dissolved gases. Describe the effect of temperature on dissolved gases. Discuss the factors that influence the transparency of sea water. Discuss the factors that influence the transparency of sea water. Describe how sunlight is filtered out with depth in sea water. Describe how sunlight is filtered out with depth in sea water.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part IV Define pressure and describe how pressure changes with depth. Define pressure and describe how pressure changes with depth. Discuss how pressure limits the depth range of both marine organisms and scientific instruments. Discuss how pressure limits the depth range of both marine organisms and scientific instruments. Define the Coriolis Effect. Define the Coriolis Effect. Describe how solar energy creates wind in our atmosphere. Describe how solar energy creates wind in our atmosphere. Locate the Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar Easterlies on a global map. Locate the Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar Easterlies on a global map. Briefly describe how winds create ocean currents. Briefly describe how winds create ocean currents. Describe a gyre. Describe a gyre.

Chapter 3: Objectives Part V Describe the parts of a wave, including crest, trough, height, wave length, and period. Describe the parts of a wave, including crest, trough, height, wave length, and period. Define fetch and list the factors that influence waves. Define fetch and list the factors that influence waves. Distinguish between seas, swells, and surf. Distinguish between seas, swells, and surf. Define tides. Define tides. Briefly describe why there are tides, including in your explanation the role and influence of sun and moon on the earth’s tides. Briefly describe why there are tides, including in your explanation the role and influence of sun and moon on the earth’s tides. Define tidal range. Define tidal range. Define and describe spring and neap tides. Define and describe spring and neap tides. Distinguish between semidiurnal, mixed semidiurnal, and diurnal tides. Distinguish between semidiurnal, mixed semidiurnal, and diurnal tides. Describe the stratification of the ocean in polar, temperate, and tropical waters. Describe the stratification of the ocean in polar, temperate, and tropical waters. Discuss the stability of sea water. Discuss the stability of sea water. Describe how density differences create deepwater circulation in the ocean. Describe the three-layered ocean. Describe how density differences create deepwater circulation in the ocean. Describe the three-layered ocean.

Chapter 3 Outline The Waters of the Ocean The Waters of the Ocean –The Unique Nature of Pure Water The Three States of Water The Three States of Water Heat and Water Heat and Water Water as a Solvent Water as a Solvent –Seawater Salt Composition Salt Composition Salinity, Temperature, and Density Salinity, Temperature, and Density Dissolved Gases Dissolved Gases Transparency Transparency Pressure Pressure Water Density and the Three-Layered Ocean Water Density and the Three-Layered Ocean –Stability and Overturn –The Three-Layered Ocean

Ocean Circulation Ocean Circulation –Surface Circulation The Coreolis Effect The Coreolis Effect Wind Patterns Wind Patterns Surface Currents Surface Currents Thermocline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor Thermocline Circulation and the Great Ocean Conveyor –The Three-Layered Ocean –Stability and Overturn –The Great Ocean Conveyor Waves and Tides Waves and Tides –Waves –Tides Why Are There Tides? Why Are There Tides? Tides in the Real World Tides in the Real World Box Readings: Box Readings: Tall Ships and Surface Currents Tall Ships and Surface Currents Waves That Kill Waves That Kill Eye on Science: The Bering Ecosystem Study Eye on Science: The Bering Ecosystem Study

The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveller hastens toward the town, And the tide rises, the tide falls. Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; The little waves, with their soft, white hands, Efface the footprints in the sands, And the tide rises, the tide falls. The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; The day returns, but nevermore Returns the traveller to the shore, And the tide rises, the tide falls. ~ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807–1882)