Chapter 17 The Diversity of American colonial societies,
The Colombian Exchange Colombian Exchange- The transfer of peoples, animals, plants, and diseases between the new and old worlds. New world lacked the immunity of old world diseases – Smallpox – Measles – Influenza There was a spread of plants and animals into the Americas – Wheat – Olives – Grapes – Garden vegetables – Cattle – Pigs – Horses Biggest effect
Spanish America & Brazil Built colonies based on homelands Council of Indies- (Spain) supervised all government, ecclesiastical, and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies – Wasn’t very effective Catholic church spread to Amerindians Bartolomé de las Casas- Best defender of the Amerindians in early colonial period Silver mines in Peru, Latin American gold and other mines were the main economic base of the new world
Spanish colonies and slaves Encomienda- forced labor of Amerindians to provide textiles, food and other goods The natives were forced into slavery People started to find that Africans were better than Amerindians but cost more Both Spain and Portugal attempted to control the trade of their American colonies Creoles-whites born in America to European parents Quilombos- communities of runaways in Brazil Manumission-the granting of freedom to individual slaves Mestizos- mixed offspring of creole fathers Mulattos-Individuals of mixed European and African descent
English Colonies in North America Both hoped to find easily extracted forms of wealth in North America Individual proprietors played a much larger role in the development More fails than successes in making N.A. colonies – Roanoke Hoped that the colonies would be a very good source of silk, citrus and wine Virginia company( London investors) tried to colonize Virginia – Jamestown-144 settlers Virginia company was abandoned because of mismanagement of Jamestown Indentured servants-compulsory labor to the American landscape If someone couldn’t pay for something the indentured and worked for the person the owed it to House of Burgesses- a crown-appointed governor, his council, and representatives of towns meeting together Iroquois confederacy- alliance of Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca peoples Indentured servants
Pilgrims and Puritans The two main types of people to colonize New England – Pilgrims – Puritans Pilgrims came first wanted to completely break free from the church of England settled at Plymouth Puritans came after and just wanted to purify the church of England settled Massachusetts Bay Colony- was financed by the Joint-Stock company
Jamestown
French colonies In North America Focused on extracting resources – Furs rather than minerals Jacques Cartier- first to stir interest in North America Samuel de Champlain founded New France at Quebec Coureurs de bois- runners of the woods Iroquois confederacy made a series of humiliating defeats on the French French colonies discovered Louisiana
French and Indian War French fought England in the French and Indian War France lost the war
Colonial Expansion and conflict European colonies in the Americas began to experience a long period of economic and demographic expansion