World Trade before Exploration

Causes of European Exploration 1.Ottoman conquests (14 th & 15 th c.) closed trade routes  bypass intermediaries to get to Asia 2.Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples 3.Reformation  refugees & missionaries 4.Surge in population growth c  growing demand for Asian trade goods & lack of opportunities at home

Motives for European Exploration 1.“God”  religious zeal, taking Asian trade away from Muslims & converting non-Christians 2.“Glory”  desire for conquest, adventure, fame & fortune 3.“Gold”  Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue & new sources of gold to pay for Asian goods

New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portolani] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

New Maritime Technology

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Portuguese Maritime Empire 1.Expolred west coast of Africa  trade in gold, ivory & slaves 2.Trading posts in India & SE Asia  desire to control spice trade 3.Guns & seamanship = Portuguese success 4.Only New World Colony  Brazil 5.Portugal lacked the numbers & wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Spanish Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Permanent Settlers Official European Colony!

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1.Encomienda or forced labor. 2.Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3.Papal agreement  monarchs allowed to control church

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

Spanish Colonial “Castas” System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

New Colonial Rivals

Mercantilism 1.Amount of Buillon (gold & silver) = Nation’s Wealth = Political Power over Rivals 2.Goal = national economic self-sufficiency 3. Requires a favorable balance of trade (exports › imports) 4. Essential industries encouraged through subsidies & tax credits 5. Colonies would provide captive markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials. “zero-sum” game. 6. Trade is a “zero-sum” game.

The “Price Revolution” 1.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”] 2.Hurt those on fixed incomes & the poor, but helped those in debt (traders & merchants)

The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in Between 16 c & 19 c, approx million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

Slave Trade & European Attitudes on Race Juan de ParejaOluadah Equiano

“[The Slave Trade] lasted the better part of four centuries… the forced migration of fifteen million Negroes, besides causing the death of perhaps thirty to forty million others in slave raids, coffles, and barracoons. What it produced in Africa was nothing but misery, stagnation, and social chaos.” - Daniel Mannix & Malcolm Cowley, Black Cargoes (1962)

“The horrors of the Middle Passage have been exaggerated…The age which had seen the mortality among indentured servants saw no reason for squeamishness about the mortality among slaves, nor did the exploitation of the slaves on the plantations differ fundamentally from the exploitation of the feudal peasant or the treatment of the poor in European cities” - Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (1944)