Disorders of the Endocrine System

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone) Increased metabolic rate Increased food intake but loss of weight Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) Goiter (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

Goiter

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Underactivity (Not enough hormone) Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease) - Reduced metabolic rate Low food intake but gain of weight Myxoedema (when onset in adults) Cretinism (when onset in children) Can also cause a goiter

Myxoedema Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin Mental impairment Thin, brittle hair

Cretinism Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility Neurological impairment Constant Fatigue Obesity

Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity - Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca - Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps) Underactivity - Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca Osteoporosis (brittle bones) Kidney stones

Parathyroid Glands Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca Tetany Overactivity High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca Osteoporosis

Pancreas Hormone: Insulin Overactivity Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) Hypoglycemia Underactivity High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) Hyperglycemia Diabetes

Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) Diabetes Underactivity Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) Hyper insulinism

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone: Growth Hormone Overactive Gigantism (children - very tall) Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken) Underactive - Dwarfism (very short)

Gigantism The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

Acromegaly

Dwarfism Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s

Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate Overactive Goiter Hyperthyroidism Grave’s Disease Underactive Goiter Hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s Disease Myxoedema (adults) Cretinism (kids)

Calcitonin – Increase Ca uptake by bones and decrease Ca level in blood Overactive Tetany Underactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis

Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone Overactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Underactive Tetany

Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels Overactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock) Underactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes

Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone Over Reactivity Under Reactivity Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany Osteoporosis Kidney Stones Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany Osteoporosis Kidney Stones

Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels Overactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes Underactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism

Insulin vs Glucagon Insulin – Glucagon - Over Reactivity Under Reactivity BSL BSL Hypoglycemia BSL BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes BSL Hyperglycemia Diabetes Hypoglycemia BSL

GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth Overactive Gigantism (children) Acromegaly (adults) Underactive Dwarfism (Frohlich’s and Lorrain)

MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken Overactive Skin darkens Under active Skin will not darken Most severe condition is albinism

LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production Overactive Unknown Underactive Sterility

Corticoid imbalances: ADDISON’S DISEASE – RARE http://hardinmd.lib.uiowa.edu/ui/addisons/plate1.html https://www.google.com/search?q=cushing+syndrome+picture&newwindow=1&tbm=isch&imgil=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%253BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%253Bhttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%25252F2014%25252F06%25252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%252CG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%252C_&usg=__RFAxiPerBprh01T7C56wx96irXY%3D&biw=1280&bih=855&ved=0CD0Qyjc&ei=XSwsVZ3NF5HksAS2yoCYAg#imgrc=i4SmlQRCgGCoMM%253A%3BG_ueIwrtnqoQnM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fimg.docstoccdn.com%252Fthumb%252Forig%252F77842308.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmedicineconspectus.blogspot.com%252F2014%252F06%252Fcushing-syndrome-hypercorticism-adrenal.html%3B1500%3B1125

Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec. inflammation Overactive Cushing’s Syndrome Underactive Addison’s Disease Decreased cortisol and/or aldosterone production