Grammar lesson 2 Present Perfect simple/ Past Simple Present Perfect simple/Continuous Present Perfect / Past Perfect

● The company relocated in 2008 in order to try and cut costs. ● The company has moved to another country where the cost of production is lower. Present Perfect/ Past Simple

● The company relocated in 2008 in order to try and cut costs. used for finished action in past ● The company has moved to another country where the cost of production is lower. used for unfinished action where result is still true in the present Present Perfect/ Past Simple

1. Last year only 18% of US consumers………………a leading department store. (to visit) 2. The value of most large companies………………considerably in the period between 2000 and 2010 (to fall) 3. We ………………a lot of changes since 2003 (to make) 4. Mike works for MV. He ………………with the company for three years now. (to be) 5. Now most companies ………………into financial difficulties due to globalisation. (to run) 6. In the old days companies ……………… slowly. (To grow)

1. Last year only 18% of US consumers visited a leading department store. 2. The value of most large companies fell considerably in the period between 2000 and We have made a lot of changes since Mike works for MV. He has been with the company for three years now. 5. Now most companies have run into financial difficulties due to globalisation. 6. In the old days companies grew slowly. (To grow)

● Last year only 18% of US consumers visited a leading department store. (to visit) ● In the old days companies grew slowly. (To grow) ● The value of most large companies fell considerably in the period between 2000 and 2010 (to fall) We use the past simple for actions at a particular point in the past, for finished, definite time. Past Simple

Present Perfect ● We have made a lot of changes since 2003 ● Mike works for MV. He has been with the company for three years now. ● Now most companies have run into financial difficulties due to globalisation. ● We use present perfect for actions linking present to a point in past.

Past Simple/ present perfect? ● Action which refers to recent or unfinished time. ● Action which refers to finished time. (to talk about things that belong to past) ● To talk about things at specific time in past. ● To talk about something that started in past and continues now using for/since. ● To talk about past using for when activity is finished

Past Simple/ present perfect? ● Action which refers to recent or unfinished time. ● Action which refers to finished time. (to talk about things that belong to past) ● To talk about things at specific time in past. ● To talk about something that started in past and continues now using for/since. ● To talk about past using for when activity is finished

To talk about achievements The last twelve months have been very successful for Wilcox International. In the last twelve months what has happened? - We have set up a subsidiary in Germany - we have built 200 offices for eighty different clients. - we have opened our first sales office in China. - Turnover from our foreign operations has risen/gone up - (Turnover has not/hasn’t gone up in the UK)

Time markers Past simple/ present perfect/ both ● 6 months Ago ● Since ● Yesterday ● Never ● Ever ● In 2005 ● Already /just ● For ● Last week, month... ● On Tuesday ● In recent years ● 8 April ● yet

Time markers Past simple/ present perfect/ both ● 6 months ago ● Since ● Yesterday ● Never, ever ● This week ● In 2005 ● Recently (usually use with present perfect at the end of the sentences.) ● Already, just ● For ● Last week, month, year... ● On Tuesday ● In recent years… ● 8 April ● Yet

● When do we use the adverbs yet and already/just With questions? with negatives? with positives?

Present perfect/past simple? Things……..(improve) considerably since we…….(move) from Shatin to China. In 2000 we ……(buy) the international operations of our partner company and we now do business in more than 30 countries. In recent years we …..(expand) our product range and we ……. (carved out) a sizeable niche in the same market as Benetton and Zara. Last year we …..(have) our fifth consecutive year of growth with 98 million dollars in net profit and in january of this year we….(deliver) the first retail stock to be included in Hong Kong’s index. A lot of change ……….(take) place recently. This is because last year most of our sales…(come) from the Asian market. So, in January this year, we ……(decide) to try and break into the US market. Just recently, we……(enter) into negotiations with Macey’s department stores. Our company so far this year ….(prosper) and that is down to all your hard work.

Present perfect/past simple? Things have improved considerably since we moved from Shatin to China. In 2000 we bought the international operations of our partner company and we now do business in more than 30 countries. In recent years we have expanded our product range and we have carved out a sizeable niche in the same market as Benetton and Zara. Last year we had our fifth consecutive year of growth with 98 million dollars in net profit and in january of this year we delivered the first retail stock to be included in Hong Kong’s index. A lot of change has taken place recently. This is because last year most of our sales came from the Asian market. So, in January this year, we decided to try and break into the US market. Just recently, we have entered into negotiations with Macey’s department stores. Our company has so far this year has prospered and that is down to all your hard work.

● When do we use the adverbs yet and already/just? yet yet already/just With questions? with negatives? with positives?

Put yet or already in these sentences: ● A) I’ve spoken to him about the meeting. ● B) We haven’t booked the meeting room. ● C) We plan to close the factory, but we haven’t closed it. ● D) Have you finished the report?

Put yet or already in these sentences: ● A) I’ve already spoken to him about the meeting. ● B) We haven’t booked the meeting room yet. ● C) We plan to close the factory, but we haven’t closed it yet. ● D) Have you finished the report yet?

I have worked for UBS for three years I worked at UBS for three years when I lived abroad after University.

Rebecca has been with our organisation for 5 years. a) and she did a great job. b) and she is doing a great job. His hard work really paid off - a) he was promoted to Chief Adviser b) he has been promoted to Chief Adviser There have been some serious problems with the merger. a) but we proceeded with it anyway b) but we have proceeded with it anyway How long have you worked as Financial Adviser a) for your current employer? b) before you came Financial Advisor?

KEY Rebecca has been with our organisation for 5 years. a) and she did a great job. NO b) and she is doing a great job. YES His hard work really paid off - a) he was promoted to Chief Adviser YES b) he has been promoted to Chief Adviser NO There have been some serious problems with the merger. a) but we proceeded with it anyway NO b) but we have proceeded with it anyway YES How long have you worked as Financial Adviser a) for your current employer YES b) before you came Financial Advisor? NO

● Profits continued to fall for several years. a) profits are still falling b) profits fell in the past, but now the situation has changed. ● Recent job cuts have caused staff to feel demotivated. a) staff are now feeling demotivated b) staff felt demotivated in the past, but now feel differently ● The company has stayed ahead of its competitors for 7 years a) It is still ahead of its competitors b) It is no longer ahead of its competitiors ● Jean has been a member of the design team since a) Jean is still a member of the design team b) Jean is no longer a member of the design team

● Profits continued to fall for several years. a) profits are still falling NO b) profits fell in the past, but now the situation has changed. YES ● Recent job cuts have caused staff to feel demotivated. a) staff are now feeling demotivated YES b) staff felt demotivated in the past, but now feel differently ● The company has stayed ahead of its competitors for 7 years a) It is still ahead of its competitors YES b) It is no longer ahead of its competitiors ● Jean has been a member of the design team since a) Jean is still a member of the design team YES b) Jean is no longer a member of the design team

Present Perfect Simple/ Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect simple/continuous Which tense is used to talk about a past CONDITION or SITUATION (Non action verbs) that began in past and continues into present? Eg: know, have, be, like Which tense is used to talk about an ACTION that began in the past and continues into the present? Eg: study

Present perfect simple/continuous With non action verbs the Present Perfect Simple is used to talk about a past CONDITION or SITUATION that began in past and continues into present. Eg: know, have, be, like With action verbs the Continuous form is usually used to talk about an ACTION that began in the past and continues into the present? Eg: study, write, wait, sing, phone

Present perfect Continuous also used for: Competition has been affecting a lot of companies recently. ● For repeated actions (with all day, recently...) eg: companies have been merging or closing. ● With action verbs which started in past + still happening now. eg: I have been working for this company for 10 years now. ● Continuous actions just finished: eg: I have been interviewing people for hours. Now I need a break.

Difference in meaning? ● I have worked for this company for ten years. and ● I have been working for this company for ten years.

Difference in meaning? ● I have worked for this company for ten years. ● I have been working for this company for ten years. In this case there is no real difference ● Both forms are acceptable: Some verbs can express both action and state conditions

How long have you been working? Or How long have you worked? Therefore… ● Continuous form: emphasizes continuation of an action ● Simple form: emphasizes the completion of an action

State verbs = use simple form Verbs of EMOTION: Like/hate/love/prefer/want/wish/detest/fear Verbs of THINKING (cognition) Believe/doubt/guess/imagine/think(opinion)/recognise/ remember/understand/mean//know/realise/feel/ suppose/suspect Verbs of the SENSES Hear/see/taste/smell/sound/feel/look/appear/seem/notice/ look like/ Verbs used to describe THINGS and their QUALITIES Contain/be/hold/measure/weigh/have/carry/permit/allow/ enable/consist of/involve/depend on/include/cost/mean Verbs expressing Possession Belong to/ own/possess/owe/have (got) The verbs: «to be», «to exist», «to matter» and «to mean» don’t usually take the continuous form.

Present Perfect Simple and Past Perfect

Present perfect/past perfect ● They had hoped to organise a reception for their visitors, but it didn't come off. (hope) ● They say they a message, but there's definitely nothing on my answering machine. I …..several times already (leave/check) ● The manager is very upset as he outvoted at the elections. (be) ● We......always ahead of our rivals, and we outstripped them again in 1995.(be) ● The new type series really......, but then they were all recalled after complaints (take off) ● She......me the low-down on the merger, so I feel well prepared for the meeting. (give)

(KEY) Present perfect/past perfect ● They had hoped to organise a reception for their visitors, but it didn't come off. (hope) ● They say they had left a message, but there's definitely nothing on my answering machine. I have already checked several times (leave/check) ● The manager is very upset as he has been outvoted at the elections. (be) ● We had always been ahead of our rivals, and we outstripped them again in 1995.(be) ● The new series had really taken off but then they were all replaced after many complaints (take off) ● She has given me the low-down on the merger, so I feel well prepared for the meeting. (give)

Use Past perfect match example and rule ● To talk about an action that began in the past and continued up to another point in the past. ● To talk about long repeated past action which had a consequence or result in past ● Eg: I was tired because I had been working very hard ● Eg: I had been working on the project for two months before we had any success.

Use Past perfect (key) match example and rule ● To talk about an action that began in the past and continued up to another point in the past. ● To talk about long repeated past action which had a consequence or result in past ● Eg: I had been working on the project for two months before we had any success. ● Eg: I was tired because I had been working very hard