English 10 Grammar Second Semester Principal Parts of a verb (review) - Six Academic Tenses & Tense Consistency - Active vs. Passive Voice - -Modifiers (chapter 9)

Review: The principal parts of a verb:  Base form (ex: save)  Present Participle (ex: [is] saving)  Past (ex: saved)  Past participle (ex: [have] saved)  All other verb forms are derived from these principal parts.

Review: Forming present participle & past participle  Present Participle:  All verbs form present participle in the same way: Add –ing to base form.  Past participle:  Not all formed the same way: REGULAR VERBS: add –ed to the base form All regular verbs have same past and past participle!! IRREGULAR VERBS: form past and past participle in some other way other than –ed. May or may not have the same past and past participle.

Review: Forming the present, past, & past participle Base form Present ParticiplePastPast Participle Push [is] pushingpushed [have] pushed Sing [is] singingsang [have] sung Catch [is] catchingCaught [have] caught Regular verb: Irregular verb: Which type? Difference between past and past participle? A simple past tense verb always has just one part. Past participle MUST follow helping verbs.

Practice: Fill in the blank with the correct present participle, past, or past participle verb form of the verb in parenthesis. 1. I think he has been_________ on the phone long enough. (talk) 2. I turned out the lights because I ________ you had already left. (think) 3. The bicyclist should have ________ at the intersection. (stop) 4. She had _______ all her boyfriend ’ s letters in a shoebox in her closet. (keep) 5. All the apples have ________ from our tree because off last night ’ s strong winds. (fall)

There is no “ technique ” for understanding the past participle for regular vs. irregular verbs…  You just have to study the Holt Handbook charts on the following pgs :  Pg 176: of regular verbs present, past, and past participle (easy- quick review)  Pg : Common irregular verbs that have same form for past and past participle  Pg : Common irregular verbs that have the different form for past and past participle

Quiz on vocab and grammar Monday March 28 th* : 30 questions:  Lesson 27 vocabulary (15 questions, usual format)  Using past and past participle forms of regular and irregular verbs (15 questions; same format as ppt. practice)

Tense of a verb:  indicates the time of the action or the state of being expressed by the verb  Conjugate: Listing all forms of a verb according to tense

Six Academic Tenses:  Present Tense  Past Tense  Future Tense  Present Perfect Tense  Past Perfect Tense  Future Perfect Tense Each of the tenses has its own uses.

Present Tense:  The action is occurring now.  Example:  Dwayne makes the batter for the cake.

Past Tense:  The action occurred in the past and did not continue into the present.  Example:  Last weekend, he made a red velvet cake.

Future Tense:  The action will occur in the future.  Example:  Tomorrow he will make his specialty, strawberry shortcake.

Present Perfect Tense:  The action began in the past, but continues into the present or some indefinite time.  Follows “has” or “have”  Example:  Betty has taught for ten years.  (How is that sentence different from “Betty taught for 10 years.” ?)

Past Perfect Tense:  The action occurred in the past and ended before some other past action.  Follows “had”  Example:  Sara had washed the car when George arrived.  (How is that sentence different from “Sara washed the car when George arrived.” ?)

Future Perfect Tense:  The action will be completely done before another time or action in the future.  Follows “will have”  Example:  Karen will have dropped all her applications in the mail before the mailman arrives at noon.

Practice:  Judy has saved thirty dollars.  (present perfect)  Judy will have saved thirty dollars by the end of this month.  (future perfect)  Judy saved thirty dollars.  (past)  Judy had saved thirty dollars by the end of last month.  (past perfect)

 Each tense has an additional form: The progressive form* The emphatic form.

Progressive Form*:  Expresses a continuing action or state of being. In each tense, the progressive consists of the appropriate tense of be plus the present participle (-ING) of a verb. * NOTE: The progressive form is not a separate tense but another form of the six tense.

Examples:  Present Progressive: am, is, are giving  Past Progressive: was, were giving  Future Progressive: will (shall) be giving  Present Perfect Progressive: has been, have been giving  Past Perfect Progressive: had been giving  Future Perfect Progressive: will (shall) have been giving

Emphatic form:  Only the present and the past tenses have this form.  This form shows emphasis.  In the present tense: The emphatic form is do or does plus the base form of the word  In the past tense: The emphatic form consists of did plus the base form of the word

Examples:  Present Emphatic: I do not intend to give up on our team. Although the grass is green, the front lawn does need watering  Past Emphatic: She did not say what they thought she had said. The explorers suffered many hardships, yet did finally reach their destination.

Homework due tomorrow:  Handouts given in today’s class.  REMINDER: Don’t forget that you have a Lesson 28 vocabulary quiz AND grammar quiz on Monday

IMPORTANT: Tenses in English Essays  When writing about literature, always write in the present tense.  Called “literary present” The idea that fiction exists in a timeless world properly described in the present tense  Example: In The Metamorphosis, Gregor decides to sacrifice his life for his family by starving himself.  Example: Throughout the novel, Salinger shows the love and respect Holden has for his late brother Allie.  You will be evaluated on this in your writing! (essays, the final, from this point on…)