Source: Andreas Meier Approximate Plan of the Course Introduction ActiveMath Vorstellung /Introduction to ActiveMathActiveMath Vorstellung /Introduction to ActiveMath Benutzermodellierung/student modelingBenutzermodellierung/student modeling instructional design.5. structional design 2.6. Adaptive hypermedia, XML knowledge representation 9.6. collaborative learning/ Lernen in Gruppen.6. collaborative learning/ Lernen in Gruppen diagnosis action analysis support of meta-cognition 7.7 further topics (tutorial dialogues, mobile learning..).7 further topics ( student project reports14.7. student project reports

Source: Andreas Meier Approximate Plan of the Course Introduction ActiveMath Vorstellung /Introduction to ActiveMathActiveMath Vorstellung /Introduction to ActiveMath Benutzermodellierung/student modelingBenutzermodellierung/student modeling instructional design.5. structional design 2.6. support of meta-cognition 9.6. collaborative learning/ Lernen in Gruppen.6. collaborative learning/ Lernen in Gruppen Adaptive hypermedia, XML knowledge representation action analysis diagnosis 7.7 further topics (tutorial dialogues, mobile learning..).7 further topics ( student project reports14.7. student project reports

Source: Andreas Meier Hypermedia/Hypertext Non-linear organisation of objects/documents (e.g., pieces of knowledge) Logical connections by links between seperate objects/documents Hyperspace = union of objects/documents + links Hypertext emphasizes text aspects Hypermedia emphasizes multimedia aspects

Source: Andreas Meier Applications Intelligent tutoring systems e.g., ActiceMath (On-line) information systems e.g., Wikipedia

Source: Andreas Meier Example: Wikipedia

Source: Andreas Meier Applications Intelligent tutoring systems e.g., ActiceMath (On-line) information systems e.g., Wikipedia (On-line) help systems Institutional Hypermedia e.g., virtual tours through museums E-Commerce e.g., catalogs Recommender Systems etc.

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive Hypermedia Hypermedia + User Modeling (some kind of) + Adaptation (some kind of) Adaptive Hypermedia

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive Hypermedia To What? What? Why? How?

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptation to what? User knowledge e.g., by overlay model or stereotype model User goals when using the system e.g., by overlay model of supported goals User background and experience User preferences

Source: Andreas Meier Stereotype Example

Source: Andreas Meier What can be adapted? Hypermedia = Document Content + Links Two adaptation possibilities: Adaptive presentation by content adaptation Adaptive navigation by links adaptation

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive presentation: Why? General idea: adapt content to knowledge, goals, and other characteristics of user  Provide different content for different users Examples: Provide additional material for some users –comparisons –extra explanations –details Remove or fade irrelevant pieces of content Sort fragments - most relevant first provide different presentations/output formats

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive presentation: How? Examples: Page variants

Source: Andreas Meier Page Variants System holds several prepared presentation variants of each document Each variant prepared for a user stereotype System selects presentation variant depending on the given/analyzed user stereotype Requires annotation of presentation variants with the associated user stereotype

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive presentation: How? Examples: Page variants Conditional text filtering

Source: Andreas Meier Conditional text filtering If: Condition1 THEN: Content1 Chunk 2 Chunk 3 Chunk 1 Divide content into chunks Associate each chunk with a condition on the level of user knowledge, goals, etc. When presenting the information, present only chunks whose condition is true

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive presentation: How? Examples: Page variants Conditional text filtering Adaptive stretchtext

Source: Andreas Meier Stretchtext Example

Source: Andreas Meier Stretchtext Example Move Mouse

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive Stretchtext Stretchtext = special kind of hypertext Hotwords can be collapsed or uncollapsed Adaptive Stretchtext: Present document with stretchtext extensions non-relevant to the user being collapsed Requires annotation of stretchtext extensions e.g., by classifications and wrt. user knowledge

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive Navigation: Why? General idea: adapt links  Support users to find their paths in the hyperspace –Provide guidance: Where can I go? –Provide orientation: Where am I? depending on user knowledge and goals

Source: Andreas Meier Adaptive Navigation: How? Examples: Direct Guidance provide next-best suggestions Adaptive sorting of links sort links, most relevant links first Adaptive hiding of links hide links not relevant for the user Adaptive annotation of links augment links with helpful information

Source: Andreas Meier Suggestions Example

Source: Andreas Meier Annotated Links Examples

Source: Andreas Meier Example: Rule-Based Technique Sets of rules encode which links should be visible and which links are most relevant Rules take into account user knowledge, goals, etc. E.g., rules hide links to documents which do not suit to the user‘s current level of knowledge

Source: Andreas Meier Small Summary Adaptation to the user in Hypermedia systems requires additional user-related information attached to documents in the hyperspace.

Source: Andreas Meier Situation in ActiveMath ? The Knowledge Representation: has to provide structure with conceptual units such as definitions, theorems, examples, etc. has to be annotated with information that supports user adaptivity in choosing the content needs to comprise the semantics of mathematical objects to guarantee machine-readability has to support adaptive presentation => Structural and Semantical Markup !

Source: Andreas Meier Markup-Languages Ultimate Goal: document markup should help recipient (human/system) of document to better cope with the content Markups can be used for –automatic search in documents –automatic manipulation of documents –automatic presentation of documents –etc. => automatic processing of documents

Source: Andreas Meier Markup-Languages Distinguish: Presentation-oriented markup: –markups are processed to create layout –e.g. LaTeX, HTML Semantic/Structure-oriented markup: –markups describe ‘semantics‘, ´logic structure‘ and ‘relations‘ of content –e.g. XML based languages OpenMath, OMDoc used in ActiveMath

Source: Andreas Meier XML eXtensible Markup Language Goal: machine-readable structured documents Technically: –XML defines grammar rules to interpret documents as trees consisting of elements –Basic rules are shared by all XML dialects –For concrete XML dialect: define further rules for specifying a subset of trees as admisable (e.g., by DTD = Document Type Definition)  XML is standard for a family of independent dialects of similar structure

Source: Andreas Meier Example XML Document John Doe mild chess collecting butterflies watching soap operas...

Source: Andreas Meier Example DTD (family.dtd)

Source: Andreas Meier Automatic Processing XML document describes structure of content Automatic processing by XSL transformations (XSL = eXtensible Stylesheet Language) Technically: set of rules describing the transformation of XML tree parts into some output format Applications: –Presentation oriented transformations e.g., XSL transformation producing HTML e.g., XSL producing LaTeX e.g., XSL producing natural language –Message oriented transformations for data exchange Advantage: Separation of content (and its structure) and presentation format or data-exchange format

Source: Andreas Meier XSL producing HTML

Source: Andreas Meier XSL producing LaTeX

Source: Andreas Meier XSL producing Natural Language

Source: Andreas Meier OpenMath XML dialect providing semantical markup for mathematical formulas

Source: Andreas Meier Example: a*(b+c)

Source: Andreas Meier OpenMath XML dialect providing semantical markup for mathematical formulas Objects ( ) are composed of –Applications:... –Symbols:... –Variables:... –... Symbols have a semantic, which is defined in content dictionaries: cd=“arith1“

Source: Andreas Meier CD Definition of log log This symbol represents a binary log function; the first argument is the base, to which the second argument is log'ed. It is defined in Abramowitz and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, section 4.1 a^b = c implies log_a c = b... log 100 to base 10 (which is 2).

Source: Andreas Meier Advantages of OpenMath Separation of structure and presentation  Different presentations with XSL transformations  e.g., a*(b+c) vs. a(b+c) vs. *(a,+(b,c)) Communication between ActiveMath and other systems (e.g., computer algebra systems)  Creation of input for external systems via XSL transformations and phrasebooks

Source: Andreas Meier OMDoc OpenMath restricted to simple mathematical objects OMDoc is XML-based extension of OpenMath Goal: provide markup schemes for mathematical documents OMDoc: –inherits OpenMath objects and formulas –inherits content dictionaries –adds framework for the definition of new symbols –adds structural items such as definitions, theorems, examples, exercises –allows for integration of applets and prog. code

Source: Andreas Meier OMDoc Example: Definition... If is a group and then the order of is the smallest positive integer with...

Source: Andreas Meier OMDoc Example: Definition Possible presentation (created by XSL transformation): Definition: If G is a group with unit e and g in G, then the order of g is the smallest positive integer m with g^m=e....

Source: Andreas Meier OMDoc: Definition of Monoid A monoid is a s tructure [M times unit] in which [M times] is a semi-group with unit e A monoid is a s tructure [M times unit] in which [M times] is a semi-group with unit e A monoid is a s tructure [M times unit] in which [M times] is a semi-group with unit e... Definition of a monoid A monoid is a s tructure [M times unit] in which [M times] is a semi-group with unit e... Definition of a monoid A monoid is a s tructure in which is a semi-group with unit....

Source: Andreas Meier Metadata are data (i.e., information) about other data describe, classify, relate documents Goal: describe documents in machine- understandable format for automatic processing, retrieval, reuse... Metadata can be, for instance, –information about author, publisher, etc. –classification of documents by attributes –relations between documents –pedagogical metadata for ActiveMath

Source: Andreas Meier Metadata in OMDoc Example Definition of the order of a group element...

Source: Andreas Meier Pedagogical Metadata is used for automated course generation: Field describes to which field the content of the item belongs (e.g., physics, mathematics, etc.) Abstractness and difficulty serve to adapt the document to the skills of the learner Learning-context specifies which context the material was intended originally Depends-on refers to related concepts from which the current item depends

Source: Andreas Meier Standard Metadata Standards for metadata to allow for the exchange/reuse of documents Dublin Core Metadata –Goal: description of documents in the WWW –Examples: title, creator, subject, publisher etc. Learning Object Metadata (LOM) –Goal: facilitate handling of learning objects –Examples: educational category, relations, etc.

Source: Andreas Meier OMDoc Metadata OMDoc DTD supports Dublin Core in... Further application specific metadata (e.g., for ActiveMath) in...

Source: Andreas Meier Towards Semantic Web “ The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.“ (Tim Bernes-Lee, 2001) Not only machine-readable, but machine-understandable information –allows for composition of services –allows for reasoning about the information –...  Information becomes better processable by machines and more elaborate functionalities become possible

Source: Andreas Meier Summary Knowledge representation in OpenMath and OMDoc allows for adaptation of presentation supports communication with external systems provides structural items such as definitions, theorems, exercises, examples Pedagogical metadata in OMDoc is basis for user adaptivity in choosing the content

Source: Andreas Meier WoZ Invent (new) kinds of adaptivity suited for your subject: System + Oberver Test adaptations with Learner Interesting Questions / Analyze: –How intuitive is adaptation for learner? –How useful is adaptation for learner?