Chapter 9 Sec 3

 By % of Americans lived in urban areas.  Cities struggled to provide:  Garbage collection  Safe and affordable housing  Health care  Police and fire protection  Adequate public education

 Various women’s and men’s clubs and reform societies asked for help to clean up cities.  Lawrence Veiler- Head of N.Y. State Tenement House Commission  Interviewed residents and discovered problems.  1901 passed N.Y. Tenement House Act  new tenements built around open courtyards  contain/bathroom for each apartment or every 3 rooms

 National Tuberculosis Association  Fun, special hospitals to treat disease  By 1915 death rate dropped significantly  1908 Massachusetts Law Required cities with10,000 hold election to pay for at least one playground.  41 of 42 cities passed it.  Some critics from middle and upper class objected to suing taxes to pay for poor

 First National Conference on City Planning was held in 1909  Cleaner cities would produce better citizens  Beautiful cities would inspire patriotism.  Daniel Burnham was first to redesign a major city-Chicago 1909  Other cities hired him  Only successful and fully built design was in Washington D.C.  City planning was necessary function  Parks  Building codes  Sanitation standards  Zoning

 Prohibition – ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages and closing of saloons  Reduce crime and breakup of families  McClure’s Magazine- George Kibbe Turner  “The Story of an Alcohol Slave, as Told by Himself.”  To truly reform U.S. cities, saloons must be closed  Colleges did not allow student athletes to drink  Industrialists tried to get workers not to drink  Text books had info on dangers of alcohol

 Anti-Saloon League (ASL) and Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)  By 1902 ASL has branches in 39 states with 200 paid employees.  Many ministers spread message in church  Billy Sunday saloons were “the parent of crimes and mother of sins”  France Willard red WCTU from force for temperance, moral purity, and women’s rights.

 During WWI prohibitionists drew on patriotic sacrifice  U.S. Navy banned consumption of alcohol in 1914  1917 Congress passed 18 th amendment states ratified in 1919  proved unpopular and hard to enforce  repealed in 1933 with 21 st amendment

 Urban reformers believed movies were a threat to morality  “Great Train Robbery” first movie to tell a story  by 1910 millions were going to movies each week  In 1916 NY times reported movies were 5 th largest industry in U.S.  Nickelodeons provided cheap entertainment  Many mid class believed movies were immoral and sources of temptation  Reformers demanded censorship  States and cities set up censorships boards to ban movies they considered immoral  By 1909 movie industry censored itself

 Concerned about Plight of Poor  Few devoted much energy to Racial discrimination and prejudice  Some expressed open prejudice against Blacks and Native Americans

 Influential Black leaders emerged  Born 1886 in Massachusetts.  Attended mixed Sunday school classes  Not until high school did he realize his skin color caused people to dislike him.  Attended Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.  In 1895 he became the first black to earn a PHD from Harvard.  Taught at Atlanta University until 1910  Strong supporter of civil rights  Access to college and vocational schools offered best chance  Blacks should be politically active

 Blacks should not fight discrimination  Focus on education and economic prosperity  Throughout career W.E.B. Du Bois maintained interest in Africa.  1920’s organized series of Pan African congresses that attracted black leaders from around world.  By 1950’s embraced socialism for its promise of social justice  In 1961 at age of 93, joined Communist Party and moved to Ghana- Died in 1963

 In 1909 Du Bois and a group of black and white progressives met in N.Y. City  Discussed lynching of 2 men in Springfield, Illinois  NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was formed  Dubois edited The Crisis which publicized cases of racial inequality  By 1918 magazines circulation rose to 100,000

 Used court system to fight civil rights restriction  1915-Guinn v. U.S.  outlawed “grandfather” clause  This freed men from other voting requirements if their father or grandfathers had voted.  1917 Buchanan v. Warley overturned a Louisville, Kentucky law requiring racially segregated housing.  National Urban League-1911  Improve job opportunity and housing for urban African Americans

 Dawes Act of 1887-Indians lost land to speculators and fell deeper in poverty by 50 middle class professional  Improve civil rights  Education  Health  Local government  Publicized accomplishments of Jim Thorpe  Some wanted strong native cultures while other favored assimilation  Some criticized Bureau of Indian Affairs for Mismanaging Reservations

 Lobbied for improving immigrants lives as well as conditions in workplace and slums.  Some criticized immigrants for immoral behavior.  1916 Madison Grant publishes “The Passing of the Great Race”  Expressed racist opinions about blacks, Jews, and immigrants from south and east Europe

 Americanization-process of preparing foreign born residents for citizenship  Focus was on educating immigrants  Learn to read, write, and speak English.  Also U.S. history and government  Cities and states passed Americanization measures  1924 Horace Kallen Wrote Culture and Democracy in U.S.  Supports pluralism or home to a number of distinctive cultures  Some immigrants supported Americanization without giving up ethnic identities