Migration and the European Labour Market: The Stockholm Programme and Beyond Anne Hartung Assistant Professor, free Research Assistant, Aigul Alieva PhD in Social Sciences, CEPS/INSTEAD

Outline PART I Introduction: Migration and integration policies at the EU level The Stockholm programme ( ) PART II Lessons drawing: Sweden vs. Luxembourg Conclusions

Introduction: EU migration and integration policies Tampere programme ( )  groundwork for common immigration and asylum policies The Hague programme ( )  focus on economic migration and exchange of information on integration policies; Global Approach to Migration – cooperation with third countries Stockholm programme ( )  An open and secure Europe serving and protecting the citizens

The Stockholm programme ( ) Security, border control Asylum Migration and development Labour migration Rights of third-country nationals Integration Illegal migration  Split among two commissioners: Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship & Home Affairs

The Stockholm programme ( ) Less emphasis on harmonisation of policies across Member States – oriented towards “practical solutions” and soft law More emphasis on flexible policies and individual approaches Less ambitious goals compared to previous programmes More emphasis on importance of cooperation with sending countries Commitment to grant third-country nationals “rights and obligations comparable to those of EU citizens” by 2014 No clear plan for development of a common labour migration strategy

PART II Lessons drawing: Sweden vs. Luxembourg Conclusions

Lesson drawing: Sweden vs. Luxembourg DomainSweden’s MIPEX ranking and score Luxembourg’s MIPEX ranking and score Labour market access1 (100)20 (45) Family reunion1 (92)18 (50) Long-term residence1 (76)24 (48) Political participation1 (93)3 (84) Access to nationality1 (71)10 (45) Anti-discrimination1 (94)15 (56) Overall ranking111 (=EU-28; below EU-15) Source:

Labour market related policy context: Sweden 2008 regulations for labour migration – flexible conditions for migrants of various skills level Labour market shortages and welfare sustainability New system is demand-driven – not the Swedish Public Employment agency is a recruiter, but companies which hire both in- and outside-EU No quotas; work permit for almost all sectors and own business (Almost) equal rights with Swedish citizens: social rights, childcare Residence and work permit for 2 years, after 4 years permanent RP Opportunity to bring family from the beginning and the spouses are granted open access to the labour market State helps unemployed with language and vocational training Losing job does not mean expulsion

Labour market related policy context: Luxembourg Easier entry to Luxembourg through certain channels: Sports (wo)men, students, research and highly-qualified workers have Residence and work permit for 1 year, after 2+2, after 5 years one can apply for permanent residence permit Change of law in August work permit and residence are replaced by “residency permit for the purposes of employed activities” Migrant workers not eligible for equal access to employment as EU nationals – restrictions on jobs and sectors. Only after 3 rd renewal individual can change both job and sector. Equal access to vocational training and study grants, but limited recognition of skills and qualifications of the third-countries

Labour market related policy context: Luxembourg (II) Labour market policies are protectionist (despite systematic labour shortage in e.g. health and social services, administration, technical & engineering support; science & research, construction) No systematic measures to improve employment rates or teach languages for a better employability Once employed, migrant workers are partially secure under the law: migrants can renew most work permits, but loss of WP if contract is terminated, no matter how long they have worked in Luxembourg If migrant workers lose the job but are entitled to unemployment benefits, they can stay in Luxembourg until the end of the benefits period Little focus on labour force demand: priority is given to job seekers registered at the employment office ADEM, which requires legal residence in Luxembourg

Policy input: labour market access in Luxembourg and Sweden

Luxembourg: related issues In order to accurately analyse the current situation with in Luxembourg: –Coordination between Ministries for merging data on labour market needs by employers, entry and the profile of immigrants, work permits by duration, economic field, applicants profile – skills, citizenship, temporary/long-term migrants, circular migration –More data should become (publicly) available for policy evaluation

Migration management is clearly one of the priorities in EU Shifting focus from rigid to flexible system  based on actual needs and emphasis of provision of social rights to the immigrants The programme acknowledges the complexity and diversity of current migration policies within the EU and does not plead for a uniform response, but encourages cooperation between countries for exchange of best practices Swedish case is one possible scenario of combining both and seems to be able to adapt for newer forms of migration Need for a thorough analysis of Luxembourg’s particular situation in order to develop substantial policy recommendations Conclusions: EU – Stockholm and beyond