August 30, 2015Comparative Politics1 Governing Globalization Frank H. Brooks

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics2 Overview Aspects of Globalization: Political, Economic, Societal Challenges of Globalization to Nation-State International Relations and “Governing Globalization” European Union as New Model? The “Democratic Deficit”

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics3 Aspects of Globalization Political –Impact of technology (Internet, etc.) limits state power (decentralized political actors) –Economic integration and non-governmental links undermine state autonomy –Control of borders, identity, etc. Economic –Increased trade, immigration, foreign direct investment –Faster communication –Faster dissemination of technological innovations –“offshoring” Societal / cultural –Increased travel and “virtual” links –Changing identities? – multiculturalism, cosmopolitanism

International Trade Quarterly Exports World Trade and GDP 1970-

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics5 Key Institutions of Globalization Multinational Corporations –Key element of economic globalization –constrain and influence economic decisions of states –“capital flight,” investment, tax competition Intergovernmental Organizations –E.g. WTO, UN, EU, International Criminal Court –Created by states (treaties); supplant them? Nongovernmental Organizations –E.g. Amnesty International, Greenpeace –“global civil society?”

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics6 Is the Nation-State Becoming Irrelevant? Territoriality less effective –E.g. immigration, terrorism Sovereignty (internal and external) undermined –By intergovernmental organizations, e.g. WTO, ICC –By transgovernmental networks of officials Autonomy diminished by external (global) forces –E.g. global warming – vulnerable to actions outside –E.g. terrorism – military force may be less effective National identity either atavistic or eroding –Global culture and entertainment –Globalization as social phenomenon –Emergence of “cosmopolitans”

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics7 Challenges to Nation-State Ruggie (“Territoriality and Beyond”) –State is modern; is there a post-modern configuration of political space? –“unbundled territoriality” –European union is a “multiperspectival polity” Transnational microeconomic links –Intrafirm trade –decentered yet integrated “space-of-flows” –“sovereign importance of movement” (not place) Identity –Does/can nationality give way to universalistic, global identities? –Atavistic nationalisms, fundamentalism as reactions –Anti-globalization movements Globalized states in world of (nation-)states –EU states and war (internal and external) –UN action and inaction –US action and coalitions

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics8 Can Globalization Be Governed? Focus on –Structures (e.g. constitutions, processes) –Functions (issues on which they’re active) –relations to nation-states (supplant, supplement, enhance) World Trade Organization –Evolved out of multilateral banks, free trade treaties and free trade zones –Affects national economic decisions International Court of Justice and International Criminal Court –ICJ is part of UN; ICC is separate –ICJ focuses mostly on intergovernmental disputes –ICC is permanent tribunal dealing with individuals and crimes against humanity, genocide, etc. From ad hoc prosecution of war crimes to permanent “Legislation” accomplished already (e.g. Geneva Conventions) Established by treaty; several major countries (U.S., China, Russia, India) haven’t joined

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics9 International Relations Prior to Globalization Pre-nation-state period –Local magistrates, small-scale states –Sometimes, imperial states Centrality of nation-states –Relations through law, diplomacy, wars –From bilateral to multilateral treaties Emergence of Global/Regional Bodies –League of Nations, United Nations –NATO, Warsaw Pact, Nonaligned Nations

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics10 What is the European Union? Key descriptors: –Federal v. Supranational –Consider also Subnational and international links Various other descriptions and analyses –Ruggie: “multiperspectival polity” –Habermas: thick economic networks; weak political regulation –Slaughter: regulation by networks of national officials –Plattner: “non-state, non-nation polity” –Weiler: federal constitutional structure alongside confederal political structure

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics11 European Union: History Economic origins Territorial expansion Key treaties Proposal for a European Constitution

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August 30, 2015Comparative Politics14 European Union: Anatomy Key Structures –Council of Ministers –European Parliament –European Commission –European Court of Justice –European Central Bank Three Pillars –European Communities –Common Foreign and security policy –Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters

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August 30, 2015Comparative Politics16 EU and the “Democracy Deficit” Legitimacy and sovereignty –have been linked to nation-state –Can globalized bodies be legitimate? Rooted in democracy? Why is democracy so important? –accountability of political officials –Political counterbalance to power of markets Globalization –Seems to be anti-political, anti-state –Is it also anti-democratic? EU –Central role of Brussels bureaucrats –Ceremonial role of European Parliament?

The Lisbon Treaty Key provisions –President 2.5 year term (currently 6 months rotating) Chosen by European leaders Sets agenda –Foreign minister Called “high representative” Chairs meetings of member nations’ foreign ministers –National vetoes scrapped –Greater strength to Fundamental Charter of Human Rights –Reduces size of European Commission Timeline –Defeat of European Constitution in 2005 –December 2007 – new treaty signed by leaders in Lisbon –Ireland votes against in June 2008; questions in Germany and Czech Republic –Ireland approves in 2 nd referendum October 2009; Czech president signs Nov EC guide August 30, 2015Comparative Politics17

August 30, 2015Comparative Politics18 Globalization Hype? Is it new? –Economic: trade, immigration, investment –Political integration? Is it exaggerated? –Increased pace of change –Moore’s law applied to globalization Is it inevitable? –Adapt to what must happen? –Resistance to globalization (Zapatistas, anti- WTO, neo-Luddites?)