Do Now (Connection to Film)  Think back to the film from last class…  Define the following in regards to the Renaissance:  Commerce  Globalization  How did these two factors impact Europe in the mid 14 th centaury?

The Crusades  Why Important?  How did they impact the development of the Renaissance?  What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance?

The Crusades  Why Important?  Increased contact with Eastern civilizations (Muslims) leading to increased commerce and globalization  How did they impact the development of the Renaissance?  + for Italian port cities  + intellectual ideas  What other factors influenced the development of the Renaissance?

Causes of the Renaissance Black DeathPolitical disorder Economic recession R ENAISSANCE

14 th Century Recovery  Black Death  Political disorder  Economic recession

 Europe loses 1/3 its population to disease  Labor is hard to find (scarce)  Towns and many serfs freed from feudal obligations  Church’s influence declines.  Disrupts pattern of trade. The Black Death (Plague)

 Increased demand for Middle Eastern products  Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets  Encouraged the use of credit (borrowing money) and banking. Economic Effects of the Crusades

 Church rule against usury and the bank’s practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.  Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and speed-up trade.  New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced. Important Economic Concepts

 Feudalism no longer works  Growth of trading towns and cities  Cities are free from feudal obligations  Manorialism no longer works  Not enough workers  Demand for Middle Eastern Goods causes increase in trade Impact of Crusades and Black Death

The Italian Renaissance  Rebirth?  Classical Greco-Roman learning, art, architecture  circ to 1527(?)

Italy  Powerful city-states  Politically, economically, socially  Secularism  Education System  Remnants of Greatness

City States  Italy lacked a single ruler  Major City States…  Papal  Milan  Venice  Florence

Milan  1447= Francesco Sforza (Duke)  Strong centralized state  Efficient tax system

 Were initially independent city-states governed as republics.  Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern Markets.  Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe Florence, Venice, & Genoa (Italy)

Venice  Run by merchant class (aristocracy)

Florence  1434 = Cosimo & grandson Lorenzo de’ Medici (d. 1492)  Spoils system helped them keep control  Cultural center of italy  Supporters (Patrons) of the arts!  Balance of Power

Papal States/Rome  Rodrigo Borgia (aka. Pope Alexander VI )  Highly Secular  Cesare Borgia – Commander of Papal Armies

Renaissance Society  Social Hierarchy  Clergy  Nobility  Everyone else  Patricians / traders, merchants  Burghers / shop-keepers, artisans  Low wage earners, unemployed  Patriarchal in nature  Arranged marriages w/ dowries

Humanism o Humanism was an ideal that focused on the world of mankind as much as a concern for the hereafter. oRejected medieval view of humanity and focused on the goodness of mankind 8/30/201520

Humanism  Emphasis on the individual  Well rounded  Educated  Loyal  Physically fit

High Renaissance 

Art in Italy  Leonardo da Vinci  Mona Lisa  Last Supper

Masaccio  Frescoes  Wet plaster / water based paint  Perspective = 1 or 2 point

Art Stresses  Organization  Geometry  Realism

Sculpture  Donatello  “Saint George”

Filippo Brunelleschi  Architecture  Medici’s were patrons  “Church of Saint Lorenzo”

Artwork in the Middle Ages

Techniques in Medieval Art  Halo  2-D  Theme  Color  Proportion

The Epiphany Giotto di Bondone

Simone Martini Saint Andrew

The Pentecost Mosan

Artwork in the Renaissance

REFORMATION 1500 Michelangelo Donatello David Leonardo Raphael Michelangelo David Renaissance timeline

Techniques in Renaissance Art  Perspective  Vanishing Point  Foreshortening  Chiaroscuro  Colors used  Sfumato  Posto / Contrapposto  Realism  Portrait

Socrates PlatoAristotle Raphael

The Marriage of the Virgin Raphael

The Marriage of the Virgin Raphael

Andrea Mantegna c. 1480

Annunciati on with St. Emidius By: Carlo Crivelli

Annunciation with St. Emidius By: Carlo Crivelli

Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1622) Johannes Vermeer

Young Woman with a Water Pitcher (1622) Johannes Vermeer

Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife

Sfumato

The Last SupperLeonardo DaVinci Where do we see examples of all these different techniques?

Renaissance Art Evaluating the Progression from Medieval to Renaissance

Madonna and Child in Glory By Jacopa di Cione 1360/65

Miraculous Mass of Martin of Tours Franconian School Ca. 1440

Madonna and Child with St. John Guiliano Bugiardini 1510

Adoration of the Shepherds Giovanni Agostino da Lodi 1510

The Adoration of the Magi by the Kress Monnogrammist, ca. 1550/1560

The Bean Eater by Annibale Carracci, 1582/83

Spread of Renaissance  Possible w/Gutenberg’s innovative movable metal type printing press (1445)  By 1500, a thousand printers published tiles (1/2 religious)  Literacy rates spiked as did cultural diffusion

Northern Renaissance  Starts in 1450, 100 years later than Italy  Cultivated knowledge of classics (& early Christian writers)  Tried to apply classics to Christianity for reform  Promoted simpler Christian interpretation than complicated Medieval dogma

Northern vs. Italian Art

Northern Renaissance Art  Like humanism, religion based/ Devotional  In painting, Flanders School used oil/more intense w/realism perspective not as important  Due to religion, art seen in illuminated manuscripts, especially Limbourg Brothers & altarpieces

Northern v. Italian Art Italian  Canvas, Sculpture, Fresco, tempura, architecture  Perspective, Symmetry, Balance, Good sense of Mass  Classical Mythology, Religious  Figures w/ Mass/Volume, Use of Anatomy Northern  Wood Panel, Engraving, Illustration, Oil on…, glazing  Detail, Naturalism  Interiors, Portraits, Religious  Extreme / Minute Detail Subject Style Medium Famous

Book of Hours (religious prayer book)

Jan van Eyck  Realistic ainter who worked on details  His Altarpiece of Ghent, portrait of a Man & Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife are his most famous works

Rogier van der Weyden Deposition

Robert Campin’s Merode Altarpiece

Albrecht Durer Self Portrait (1500)

St. Jerome dans sa cellule (1514) Engraving

Pieter Brughel The Harvesters 1565, Oil on wood

Peasant Wedding 1568

Women?  Rare, but at times politically influential  Isabella d’Este (Mantua)  Turn to page 422

Intellectual Renaissance Humanism!  Study of classical Greco- Roman past  Liberal arts  Grammar  Rhetoric  Poetry  Moral philosophy  Ethics  history Petrarch  14 th cent. Father of Italian Humanism  Stressed classical Latin (Rome)  Civic duty  Individual purpose is to best serve the state

The Intellectual Renaissance Writers and Philosophy

Vernacular Dante’ Alighieri  Italian  “Divine Comedy”  How to gain salvation through his travels through the levels of hell, purgatory, heaven Geoffrey Chaucer  English  “The Canterbury Tales”  Collection of stories from individuals from all walks of life Francois Rabelais  French  “Pantagruel and Gargantua”  Son and Father Giants  Comical Satire

Niccolo Machiavelli  Florentine Diplomat  Forced into exile  Wrote “The Prince”  Question: How does a Prince obtain and maintain power?

How Should Nobility Act?  Baldassare Castiglione says…  “The Book of the Courtier” / “Il Cortiere”  1. born into, have character  2. physical, military, and classical edu.  3. show achievement w/ grace  Purpose = win favor with and serve Prince

End of Renaissance  1527  Italian wars = 30 years  French Charles VIII (1494) takes over kingdom of Naples  Other city-states turn to Spanish for protection (Charles I)  Troops are not able to be paid, thus sack Rome for the spoils