Do Now: Analyzing a Quote “I was born a slave, but nature gave me the soul of a free man.” 1). What does this quotation mean? Who would have likely said this? 2). What is the relationship between this quotation and the Enlightenment? The French Revolution?

Consolidation of Latin America Chapter 25 Consolidation of Latin America

From Colonies to Nations Class divisions -Peninsulares (High political office) -Creoles (Officers in military) -Mestizos -Mulattos -Indians Resent gov’t -Taxation Causes: American, French, and Haitian Revolutions Crisis of rule & legitimacy in Spain

Haitian Revolution Saint Domingue -1791: Haitian slaves revolt against masters -Toussaint L’Ouverture emerges as leader -Former slave that led island to freedom -1802: French troops arrive -1804: Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared colony independent Creole elites viewed with horror; slaves saw as symbol of freedom and hope

Spanish American Independence Napoleonic wars trigger revolutions -Creoles key leaders northern South America -Simon Bolivar: Led series of wars to free Venezuela and surrounding areas -Gran Colombia (until 1830) southern South America -Jose de San Martin: Led revolt in Argentina for autonomy New states emerge -Independent republics w/ representative governments

Brazilian Independence Achieved freedom differently -Growing economy strengthens middle-class -Napoleonic wars→royals fled to Brazil (1807) -Rule from Rio de Janeiro (Seat of empire) After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves; Prince Dom Pedro remains 1822: Short war for independence → did not upset existing social order -Remains monarchy

New Nations Confront Problems Political & class conflict undermined egalitarian ideals -Retain Catholicism vs. religious freedom -Distrust between classes -Slavery abolished except in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Brazil (Economic necessity) -Racial distinctions slow to disappear Failure to consolidate -Geographic barriers, economic competition, regional & political rivalries, poor infrastructure

Caudillos, Politics, & the Church Caudillos: Independent leaders who dominate local areas and seize power -Armies loyal to regional commanders Political tensions -Federalists/liberals: Decentralized rep, secular gov’t; tax/commercial policies set by regional govt’s -Centralists/conservatives: Centralized rep w/ heavy church influence, individual groups led by urban bourgeoisie

Latin American Economies Monroe Doctrine: Any European attempt to colonize Americas considered unfriendly act by U.S. 1820-1850 -Economically stagnant -Expansion of European economy increases demand for Latin American products -Coffee, beef, minerals, and guano -Infrastructure improved -Latin American cities grew -Export economy grew -Increasingly dependent on foreign investors

Argentina & Brazil Argentina Liberals gain control in 1820s -Reform education, finance, agriculture, and immigration -Rosas, a caudillo, seized control -Focus on gauchos & urban poor (Buenos Aires) -Defeated in 1852; liberals return to power Brazil -Monarchy (Support eventually weakens) -Coffee transforms economy (fazendas-coffee estates); intensifies slavery -Foreign investment and increased immigration (Italy)

Cultural Expression Elite art heavily influenced by Europe -Triumphs of independence, nationality, and local customs captured in paintings -Popular culture largely unaffected

Old Patterns of Gender & Class Little changed in hierarchical, export-based society Women subordinate in patriarchal culture -Actively participated in revolution -Made some gains (education) -Still expected to fulfill traditional roles Racial divisions strong despite outlawing -Creoles dominated gov’t (merging with middle-class) Immigration and rapid urbanization