ENERGY FOSSIL FUELS What are fossil fuels? Spatial distribution and consumption of oil, coal and natural gas Change of use of fossil fuels through history Sustainability? Do we need anything more than fossil fuels? Case study: Algeria

Energy consumption Fossil fuels:79,5%Fossil fuels: 64,5%

Fossil fuels combustible materials made from fossilised remains non-renewable contain hydro-carbons  coal  oil  natural gas

Coal extracted from the ground

Why is coal so important? the most common source of electricity world-wide the safest fossil fuel to transport, store and use abundant coal reserves coal users are guaranteed security of supply at competitive prices electricity supplies for industrial and domestic use are assured

Coal’s role in the world Over 23% of primary energy needs worldwide are met by coal. 39% of global electricity is generated from coal 66% of global steel production depends on coal Spending is increasing on technology research and development programmes to improve thermal efficiency and reduce GHG and other emissions.

Uses of coal solid fuel to produce heat through combustion produces CO 2 and SO 2 environmental damage (e.g. acid rain, global warming) electricity generation can be converted into liquid fuels like gasoline or diesel steel and cement manufacture

TOP 10 ProducersConsumers China USA India AustraliaRussia Germany South Africa GermanyJapan PolandAustralia IndonesiaNorth Korea Ukraine

TOP 10 per capita ProducersConsumers Australia Greece Czech RepublicNorth Korea South Africa KazakhstanUnited States PolandGermany BulgariaTaiwan USACanada GermanyRussia CanadaUkraine

Oil (petroleum) liquid – brown, black, greenish important primary energy source

Uses of oil fuel (e.g. transport, heating) plastics lubricants in engines roofing tiles e.g. fertilizers, medicines – indirect need of oil World consumption: roughly 77 million barrels of oil a day

Top 10 ProducersConsumers Saudi ArabiaUSA Japan RussiaChina MexicoGermany ChinaRussia IranBrazil NorwayIndia VenezuelaCanada France United KingdomMexico

Top 10 per capita ProducersConsumers QatarSingapore United Arab Emirates KuwaitQatar NorwayUSA BruneiCanada Equatorial GuineaSaudi Arabia Brunei OmanIsrael LibyaAustralia GabonNorway

Trade ExportersImporters Saudi ArabiaUSA RussiaJapan NorwayGermany United Arab EmiratesFrance NigeriaItaly MexicoChina IraqSpain LibyaIndia AlgeriaTurkey OmanThailand

Oil reserves Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Iran Russia Libya China USA Qatar Norway Algeria

OPEC O rganization of the P etroleum E xporting C ountries established in member countries Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela international headquarters in Vienna

Natural gas a gas produced by the anaerobic decay of organic material usually found in oil fields and natural gas fields, but is also generated in swamps and marshes in landfill sites, and during digestion in animals. commercially produced from oil fields and natural gas fields

Uses Power generation gas turbines and steam turbines natural gas produces less greenhouse gases. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 30% less CO 2 than burning oil and about 45% less than burning coal Combined cycle power generation using natural gas is thus the cleanest source of power available using fossil fuels Natural gas vehicles Compressed natural gas (and LPG) is used as a clean alternative to other automobile fuels countries with the largest number of natural gas vehicles: Argentina, Brazil, Pakistan, Italy, and India Domestic use - cooking and heating Fertilizer - a major feedstock for the production of ammonia

Reserves Russia USA Canada UK Indonesia Iran Norway Malaysia United Arab Emirates Mexico

Use of fossil fuels throughout the history

Crude oil prices since 1861 Fig shows oil prices affected by political instabilities.

Sustainability of Current Oil Production Less Than 10 Years United States Canada United Kingdom Indonesia* Norway Egypt Argentina Australia Ecuador Less Than 50 Years China Nigeria* Algeria* Malaysia Colombia Oman India Qatar* Angola Romania Yemen Brunei Less than 100 Years Saudi Arabia* Russia Iran* Venezuela* Mexico Libya* Brazil Azerbaijan Trinidad WORLD More than 100 Years Iraq* UAE* Kuwait* Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Tunisia Uzbekistan *OPEC Members WORLD = Aggregate sustainability of total world oil production, assuming continuous efficient exploitation. WORLD = Aggregate sustainability of total world oil production, assuming continuous efficient exploitation.

TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Reported Proved Oil Reserves of Major Middle East OPEC Oil Producers in the late 1980s (13) (in billion barrels) Saudi Arabia Kuwait Iraq Iran UAE TOTALS

Coal production - Coal consumption

Natural gas production by area

Natural gas reserves-to- production (R/P) ratios

CountryBy 2000 Beyond 2000 Needed in 2010 (EIA) Saudi Arabia Kuwait Iraq Iran UAE no plans no plans 2.0 no plans no plans TOTALS Predictions of the use

The future of fossil fuels

What will happen in the coming century? Coal is most likely to remain for longer. 500 billion tones of coal, about 200 years’ worth, remain underground. ( figure 2) Oil and gas are the most likely to run out within the next century. Over the last 25 years, various predictions have been made about the supply of crude oil. According to these figures, we should have run out of oil by now! However, more oil’s fields are discovering by the time!

Proportion of energy in future

What could replace fossil fuels? solar, wind and hydro energy

Case study: Algeria north of Africa population: 32.1 million area: 2,381,740 sq km official language: Arabic major religion: Islam

Economy depends on fossil fuels the second-largest gas exporter and the 14th in oil Industry growth rate is 6% GDP per capita: $6,000

Production and consumption The sourceProductionConsumption Oil1.52 million bbl/day 209,000 bbl/day Natural gas80.3 billion cu m billion cu m Electricity24.69 billion kWh 22.9 billion kWh

Electricity generation by source Fossil fuel: 99.7% hydro: 0.3% nuclear: 0% other: 0%

Sonatrach dominance