The feature of EU policy towards Central Asia － Mainly focusing on economic relations － SUZUI Kiyomi 鈴井 清巳 Prof. of Kyoto Sangyo University 京都産業大学

１． Purposes of the presentation To make clear ： １． the aims of EU Policy towards Central Asia ２． the feature of economic relation between EU and Central Asia

２． Reference ① (1)Council of the European Union, General Secretariat （ 2007 ）, European Union and Central Asia ： Strategy for a New Partnership （ New EU Central Asia Strategy ）. (2)European Community （ 2007 ）, Regional Strategy Paper for Assistance to Central Asia for the period (3)European Commission, External Relations （ 2008 ）, Joint Progress Report by the Council and the European Commission to the European Council on the implementation of the EU Central Asia Strategy.

２． Reference ② (4)Council of the European Union, General Secretariat （ 2010 ）, Joint Progress Report by the Council and the European Commission to the European Council on the implementation of the EU Strategy for Central Asia, 11402/10, Brussels. (5)Michael Emerson, Jos Boonstra, Nafisa Hasanova, Marlene Laruelle and Sébastien Peyrouse （ 2010 ）, Into Eurasia: Monitoring the EU’s Central Asia Strategy, Report of the EUCAM Project, Center for European Policy Studies （ CEPS ）,Brussels and Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior （ FRIDE ）, Madrid.

２． Reference ③ (6)European Commission, External Relations Directorate General, Directorate Eastern Europe, Southern Caucasus, Central Asia Republics （ 2010 ）, Central Asia DCI Indicative Programme (7)Sébastien Peyrouse （ 2009 ）, Business and Trade Relationships between the EU and Central Asia, EUCAM, Working Paper 01. (8)Laure Delcour （ 2011 ）, Shaping the Post-Soviet Space ？ EU Policies and Approaches to Region-Building （ Ashgate ）. (9) (10) (11) UNCTAD(2010), World Investment Report 2011

３． The EU central Asia strategy ① The growing importance of Central Asia for the EU has been reflected in the New EU Central Asia Strategy adopted by the European Council （ 22 June 2007 ）. The Strategy aims at enhancing the EU's relations with the region as a whole and each of its particular countries.

３． The EU central Asia strategy ② It sets priorities for cooperation in six main areas: ① democracy and human rights ② education ③ trade and investment ④ energy and transport ⑤ the environment ⑥ combating common threats and challenges

４． Geostrategic importance Central Asia is of fundamental geostrategic importance to the EU. The region represents for the EU a bridge to China as well as to Afghanistan and the Middle East.

５． Source of significant energy EU’s Import Dependency 2007 （ % ） ＊ For the EU, Central Asian countries are sources of significant energy imports instead of Russia and Middle East. ALL FUELSSolid FuelsOilGas EU EU

Crude Oil and Gas Imports （ 2007 ） Crude Oil Gas Country ％ Russia34.0 Norway15.5 Libya10.2 Saudi Arabia 7.2 Other Middle East 6.3 Iran 6.2 Kazahkhstan 3.4 Nigeria 2.8 Other Origin14.3 Country ％ Russia40.8 Norway26.7 Algeria16.9 Nigeria 5.1 Libya 3.3 Qatar 2.4 Egypt 1.9 Trinidad and Tobago 0.9 Other Origin 1.9

６． Economic Aim of Strategy ① In the area of trade and investment the Strategy focuses on the accession of the entire Central Asian region to the World Trade Organisation. ② It also aims to help Central Asian countries take greater advantage of the EU's GSP (Generalised System of Preferences).

WTO membership ・ Kyrgyzstan acceded to the WTO in ・ Turkmenistan has’t applied for WTO membership. ・ Tajikistan and Uzbekistan applied in 2001 and 1994 respectively, but their accession negotiations are still at the initial stages. ・ Kazakhstan's accession process is significantly more advanced and the EU and Kazakhstan are making efforts to conclude a bilateral agreement on accession in the near future.

Bilateral Agreement ： Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) The EU's bilateral trade relations with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are provided for by PCA with each country. The PCA with Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have not been ratified. In the area of trade the PCAs are non-preferential agreements, the parties grant each other most- favoured nation (MFN) treatment with respect to tariffs and quantitative restrictions are prohibited in bilateral trade.

７. Basic facts about Central Asian Countries and their trade relation with European Union Table.1 ～ 6 Extracted from (5) pp. 18 － 26 Table.7 Extracted from (7) p.5, (10) Table.8 ～ Extracted from (11) pp.63 － 68, p.79, p.80, p.81

【 Table.1 】 Central Asian GDP growth rates,

【 Table.2 】 Central Asian economic structures in 2008

【 Table.3 】 Percentage of exports to the GDP and exported production

【 Table.4 】 Exports of the Central Asian Countries 2007

【 Table.5 】 Imports of the Central Asian Countries 2007

【 Table.6 】 Share of Russia, China and EU in Central Asian countries’ Imports, exports and total trade (2008) and their rank

【 Table.7 】 Imbalances in Trade Relations (2007,2010) Position of country as EU trading partner (imports, exports): Position of the EU as trading partner (imports, exports): Kazakhstan th (22th, 36th)1st (2nd, 1st) th (20th, 38th)1st (3rd, 1st) Uzbekistan th (69th, 93rd)2nd (2nd, 1st) rd (92nd, 72nd)4th (2nd, 5th) Turkmenistan th (106th, 122nd)3rd (1st, 3rd) th (95th, 94th)3rd (3rd, 2nd) Tajikistan th (116th, 151st)3rd (6th, 1st) th (144th, 143rd)5th (4th, 6th) Kyrgyzstan th (163rd, 133rd)4th (3rd, 8th) th (116rd, 131st)5th (4th, 9th)

Imbalances in Trade Relations The EU is now the main trading partner of Central Asia, accounting for almost a third of its overall external trade (29.1% in 2007). Nevertheless, total turnover of the EU's trade with Central Asia remains low and the five countries are insignificant trade partners for the EU. Even Kazakhstan, the EU's largest trade partner in Central Asia by far, -accounting for almost 85% of the EU's overall trade with the region - represents only 0.7% of the EU's overall trade with the world.

Vertical Division of Labour Central Asian exports to the EU remain concentrated in a few commodities, especially crude oil, gas, metals and cotton fibre. EU exports are dominated by machinery and transport equipment. Such products accounted for more than half of EU exports in the region in 2007.

【 Table.8 】 The 10 largest greenfield projects in LLDCs, 2010

【 Table.9 】 Selected FDI projects in manufacturing in Uzbekistan

８． Conclusion １． Aim of EU’s Central Asia Policy ⇒ Geostrategy and Energy （ at least in short and middle term ） ２． Feature of economic relation between EU and Central Asia ⇒ Imbalanced, asymmetry, vertical