California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Talk to Qualcomm San Diego, CA March 8, 2002 Dr. Larry Smarr Director, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technologies Professor, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Jacobs School of Engineering, UCSD

Abstract After twenty years, the “S-curve” of building out the wired internet with hundreds of millions of PCs as its end points is flattening out, with corresponding lowering of the growth rates of the major suppliers of that global infrastructure. At the same time, several new “S-curves” are reaching their steep slope as ubiquitous computing begins to sweep the planet. Leading this will be a vast expansion in heterogeneous end-points to a new wireless internet, moving IP throughout the physical world. Billions of internet-connected cell phones, embedded processors, hand-held devices, sensors and actuators will lead to radical new applications in biomedicine, transportation, environmental monitoring and interpersonal communication and collaboration. The combination of wireless LANs, the third generation of cellular phones, satellites, and the increasing use of the FCC unlicensed wireless band will cover the world with connectivity enabling both scientific research and emergency preparedness to utilize a wide variety of sensor-nets. Building on advances in MEMS and nanotechnology, smart sensors will be cheap enough to deploy widely, capable of multiple types of detection, and survivable for long periods of time. The data from these sensor-nets will be integrated with legacy data in optically networked visualization analysis or command and control facilities. The enhanced knowledge products will then flow out over the same wireless internet to personal devices in the hands of field scientists or first responders. These end points will themselves form electronic communities enhanced by accurate geolocation. Cal (IT)2 is carrying out experiments in its "Living Laboratories" with its industrial partners in all of these areas.

Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime –Broadband Speeds –“Always Best Connected” Billions of New Wireless Internet End Points –Information Appliances –Sensors and Actuators –Embedded Processors Emergence of a Distributed Planetary Grid –Broadband Becomes a Mass Market –Internet Develops Parallel Lambda Backbone –Scalable Distributed Computing Power –Storage of Data Everywhere The Next S-Curves of Internet Growth: A Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Grid

Over Fifty Industrial Sponsors From a Broad Range of Industries Akamai Technologies Inc. AMCC Ampersand Ventures Arch Ventures The Boeing Company Broadcom Corporation CAIMIS, Inc. Conexant Systems, Inc. Connexion by Boeing Cox Communications Diamondhead Ventures Dupont Emulex Corporation Network Systems Enosys Markets Enterprise Partners Venture Capital Entropia, Inc. Ericsson Wireless Communications, Inc. ESRI Extreme Networks Global Photon Systems Graviton IBM Computers Communications Software Sensors Biomedical Startups Venture Capital Newport Corporation Oracle Orincon Industries Panoram Technologies Printronix QUALCOMM Quantum The R.W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute SAIC Samueli, Henry (Broadcom) SciFrame, Inc. Seagate Storage Products SGI Silicon Wave Sony STMicroelectronics, Inc. Sun Microsystems TeraBurst Networks Texas Instruments Time Domain UCSD Healthcare The Unwired Fund WebEx IdeaEdge Ventures The Irvine Company Intersil Corporation Irvine Sensors Corporation JMI, Inc. Leap Wireless International Link, William J. (Versant Ventures) Litton Industries, Inc. MedExpert International Merck Microsoft Corporation Mission Ventures NCR

Cal -(IT) 2 Industrial Partnerships Enable Many Initiatives in the University Endowed Chairs for Professors Start-Up Support for Young Faculty Graduate Student Fellowships Research and Academic Professionals Sponsored Research Programs Equipment Donations for Cal-(IT) 2 and Campus Named Laboratories in New Institute Buildings Pro Bono Services and Software

Cal-(IT) 2 “Living-in-the-Future” Laboratories Technology Driven –Ubiquitous Connectivity –SensorNets –Knowledge and Data Systems –LambdaGrid Application Driven –Ecological Observatory –AutoNet –National Repository for Biomedical Data Culturally Driven –Interactive Technology and Popular Culture

Cellular Internet is Already Here At Experimental Sites UCSD Has Been Beta Test Site –Qualcomm’s 1xEV Cellular Internet Optimized for Packet Data Services –Uses a 1.25 MHz channel –2.4 Mbps Peak Forward Rate –Part of the CDMA2000 Tech Family –Can Be Used as Stand-Alone Chipsets in Development Support –PacketVideo’s PVPlayer™ MPEG-4 –gpsOne™ Global Positioning System –Bluetooth –MP3 –MIDI –BREW Rooftop HDR Access Point

New Software Environments for Wireless Application Development Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless (BREW) –Works on Qualcomm CDMA Chipsets –Middleware Between –the Application and the Chip System Source Code –Windows-based Software Development Kit (SDK) –Native C/C++ applications will run most efficiently –Supports Integration of Java™ Applications –Different Model of Security from JAVA UCSD Brew Plans –Access to 40 Brew Enabled Kyocera Handsets –Free Air-Time Through “Campus Wide” QOTA System –BREW SDK and Technical Support Environment

Goal: Smooth Handoff by Mobile Device As One Moves from Local to Wide Area WLAN GPRS CDMA CDPD Internet (802.11b,a) (CDMA20001xEV) Identify Issues Related to Handoff Between WLAN and WWAN Networks and Implement a Test-bed Ramesh Rao, Kameshwari Chebrolou UCSD-CWC, Cal-(IT) 2

Using Students to Invent the Future of Widespread Use of Wireless Pocket PCs Year- Long “Living Laboratory” Experiment –500+ Wireless-Enabled HP Pocket PCs –Incoming Freshmen in Computer Science & Engineering Software Developed –ActiveClass: Student-Teacher Interactions –ActiveCampus: Geolocation and Resource Discovery –Extensible Software Infrastructure for Others to Build On Deploy to New UCSD Undergrad College Fall 2002 –Sixth College Will be “Born Wireless” –Theme: Culture, Art, and Technology –Study Adoption and Discover New Services Cal-(IT) 2 Team: Bill Griswold, Gabriele Wienhausen

ActiveCampus Explorer: Personal Digital Assistant Interface Source: Bill Griswold, UCSD CSE, Cal-(IT) 2 Makes Campus “Transparent” See Into Departments, Labs, and Libraries

ActiveCampus Explorer: Personal Digital Assistant Interface Source: Bill Griswold, UCSD CSE, Cal-(IT) 2

Millions of Video Cameras Will Add Image Data Streams to the Net London Underground –Initially 25,000 Video Cameras –Expansion to 250,000 Possible –British Transport Police Switch to Any Camera in 1 Sec. –Source: Telindus British CCTV System –Currently 2.5 Million CCTV Cameras Installed (NY Times) –Average London Citizen is Seen by 300 Cameras Per Day –Face Recognition Software Added in High Crime Areas Up to 6 Million Surveillance Cameras Across the USA in 5-7 Years –Privacy International Prediction

Experimenting with the Future -- Wireless Internet Video Cams & Robots Computer Vision and Robotics Research Lab Mohan Trivedi, UCSD, Cal-(IT) 2 Mobile Interactivity Avatar Linked by 1xEV Cellular Internet Useful for Highway Accidents or Disasters

Future Wireless Technologies Are a Strong Academic Research Discipline Two Dozen ECE and CSE Faculty LOW-POWERED CIRCUITRY ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION COMMUNICATION THEORY COMMUNICATION NETWORKS MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS RF Mixed A/D ASIC Materials Smart Antennas Adaptive Arrays Modulation Channel Coding Multiple Access Compression Architecture Media Access Scheduling End-to-End QoS Hand-Off Changing Environment Protocols Multi-Resolution Center for Wireless Communications Source: UCSD CWC

Required Wireless Services Middleware Real-Time Services Mobile Code Location Awareness Power Control Security Wireless Services Interface UCI Wireless Infrastructures UCSD Wireless Infrastructures Applications J. Pasquale, UCSD, Cal-(IT) 2 Data Management

Operating System Services for Power / Performance Management Management of Power and Performance –Efficient Way to Exchange Energy/Power Related Info –Among Hardware / OS / Applications –Power-Aware API Application Power Aware API Power Aware Middleware POSIXPA-OSL Operating System Operating System Modified OS Services Hardware Abstraction Layer PA-HAL Hardware Rajesh Gupta UCI, Cal-(IT) 2

Prototyping Early Warning Systems and Disaster Response Systems Three-Tier System –Wireless SensorNets Bring Data to Repositories –Collaborative Crisis Management Centers –Remote Wireless Devices Interrogate Databases Cal-(IT) 2 Will Focus on High-Performance Grids –Analysis, Collaboration, and Crisis Management –Broadband Wireless SensorNets –Metro Optical Network Testbed Build a “Living-in-the-Future” Laboratory –UCSD, UCI, and SDSU Campuses –San Diego, Orange County, Cross Border –Early Access to HW/SW from Industrial Partners

What is a SensorNet? Sensors –Physical, Chemical, Biological, Imaging,… Sensor Platform –Computing, Power, Storage, Radios, … Telecommunications Infrastructure –Wired, Wireless, Internet, … Sensor Arrays –Homogeneous, Inhomogeneous, Ad Hoc, … Layered Software Backend Data Systems

Challenges of Emergency Preparedness That the Future Internet Will Impact How Do We Know: –The Detailed Current State of the System NOW? –What the Future Evolution of the Situation is Likely to Be? How Can We Achieve: –An Overall Situational Awareness? –A Common Operational Picture? How Do We Communicate With: –Crisis Managers? –First Responders? How Can We Decide: –Which Problem to Attack First? –Which Assets Should Be Deployed Where and When?

The FCC Unlicensed Band Can be Used to Create a High Speed Wireless Backbone The High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network A Cal-(IT) 2 Academic Partner Enabling a Broad Set of Science Applications Allows for Internet Deployment to Remote Locations NSF Funded PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO 45mbps Duplex Backbone

HPWREN Project Demo of Fast Setup Wireless Internet for Crisis Response A Cal-(IT) 2 Academic Partner

Sensors Enable Real-Time Monitoring of Bridges Through Wireless Internet Frieder Sieble UCSD Structural Engineering

Environmental SensorNets Air and Water Pollution Sensor Development –Lead is Michael Sailor, UCSD Chemistry –Initially Temperature, Humidity, CO –Later Add CO 2, Ozone, NO x –Partnering with Graviton Wireless Internet Prototyping Sites –UCSD Campus –Santa Margarita –Ecological Preserve –Rapid Prototyping Site –Linked to UCSD via HPWREN

Life of a sensor network In the beginning nodes are deployed with a supply of –Energy –Capability –Awareness –Location At the end nodes –Die – no energy, stranded, loss of capability –Reborn – new battery, sensor, radio,… During its life nodes –Trade resources with neighbors to deliver on mission Source: Ramesh Rao, UCSD Cal-(IT) 2

Design Challenges Develop resource sharing algorithms –Trade Energy for Location –Dynamic topology construction –mobility –Trade Communication for Computing –Distributed Computing –Trade Energy for Awareness/Alertness –Next hop communication and end-to-end delivery Develop platforms that implement them –Overcome limitations of layered principle –Share salient costs across layers –Energy, Delay, Complexity… Source: Ramesh Rao, UCSD Cal-(IT) 2

Topology Construction AIBO platform –64 bit RISC processor, –32 Mb memory –Temp., distance, acceleration, pressure, IR, vibration sensors –100 K pixel CMOS image sensor –802.11b enabled Topology construction algorithms for mobile nodes –Maximize network lifetime –Maximize coverage –Minimize energy consumption Source: Ramesh Rao, UCSD Cal-(IT) 2

Automobiles will Become SensorNet Platforms Autonet Concept –Make Cars Mobile, Ad Hoc, Wireless, Peer-to-Peer Platforms –Distributed Sensing, Computation, and Control –Autonomous Distributed Traffic Control –Mobile Autonomous Software Agents –Decentralized Databases Congestion-free flow UrbanMobility UrbanMobility Rigid Line-Haul Performance Clean Limited- Range Mobility Will Recker, UCI and Mohan Trivedi, UCSD, Cal-(IT) 2 ZEVNET Partners – UCI Institute for Transportation Studies Testbed – UCSD Computer Vision and Robotics Research Lab (CVRRL)

REACT! ApplicationApplication TRACER Internet Website Service Provider CDPD Wireless Modem Website ISP REACT! On-line Survey Source: Will Recker, UCI, Cal-(IT) 2 ZEVNet Current ImplementationGPSSensor Sensor Sensor... Extensible Data Collection Unit Currently 50 Toyotas

Embedded and Networked Intelligence On-Campus Navigation Enabled –Web Service and Seamless WLAN Connectivity –50 Compaq Pocket PCs Virtual Device / Instrument Control Over Bluetooth Links Energy-Aware Application Programming Battery-Aware Communication Links Source: Rajesh Gupta, UCI, Cal-(IT) 2

Low Power Biological, Chemical, Pollutant, Magnetic, Particulate Sensor Development Designed to Be Easily Manufactured –Sensitive Nanostructured Photonic Bandgap Material –Can Be Chemically Modified to Be Specific –Compatible With Silicon Microfabrication Technologies Special Properties: –Low False Alarm Rate, Sensitive –Miniature, Portable, Lower Cost Target Markets: –Industrial Waste, Pollution Monitoring –Law Enforcement, First Responders, Medical Personnel Handheld Nanosensor Device for Sarin Nerve Agent Developed for DARPA Micro Unattended Ground Sensors program Mike Sailor, UCSD Chemistry, Cal-(IT) 2

Adding Wireless Sensors to Systems-on-Chip Will Create Brilliant Sensors Applications Memory Protocol Processors DSP Embedded Software Sensors Source: Sujit Dey, UCSD ECE Radio Critical New Role of Power Aware Systems Internet Ad Hoc Hierarchical Networks of Brilliant Sensors

Sensornets—Real-Time Data ROADNet ActiveCampus Health of Civil Infrastructure AUTONET Storage hardware Database Systems, Grid Storage, Filesystems Data Mining, Simulation Modeling, Analysis, Data Fusion Applications: Bioinformatics, Ecoinformatics, Geoinformatics, … Knowledge-Based Integration Advanced Query Processing Networked Storage (SAN) Visualization High speed networking Data and Knowledge Systems Technology Layers

Knowledge and Data Engineering Lab Enabling querying, analysis, and creative exploration of large, integrated data sets Knowledge Environments to Support Digitally Enabled Genomic Medicine Bioimaging Bioengineering Proteomics Genomics Chemical Pathways Medical Records Integrated Information Analysis Statistics Knowledge Discovery wireless access School of Medicine / VA Hospital Bioengineering Department

Industry Partners Enosys – XML-based database integration –Enosys and Polexis will join in joint demo to NSF and FedStats Polexis – Java-based application integration –Possible joint demos at AFCEA Homeland Security conference Oracle – database engine technology –Supporting BIRN project ESRI – geographical information systems (GIS) –Discussing variety of options for greater collaboration BAE Systems – XML-based GIS systems IBM – database, data integration, and data mining technology –Recent meeting with Life Sciences, Database groups at SDSC; NetDB2 project (UCI) SAIC – TeraText XML database engine –Will discuss their participation in I2T Velocigen – possible partner for converting Web sites to Web services

CONTROLPLANECONTROLPLANE Clusters Dynamically Allocated Lightpaths Switch Fabrics Physical Monitoring Apps Middleware A LambdaGrid Will Be the Backbone for an e-Science Network Metro Area Laboratories Springing Up Worldwide Developing GigE and 10GigE Applications and Services Testing Optical Switches Metro Optical Testbeds-the next GigaPOP?

Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Control Rooms Will Integrate SensorNets with Legacy Data Integrate –Situational Awareness –Common Operational Picture –Local Data Warehouse with Remote Data Access –AI Data Mining of Distributed Databases –Spatial Data Analysis –Consequences Assessment Tool Set Source: Panoram Technologies

Cal-(IT) 2 Multi-Megapixel Displays for Seismic, Geosciences, and Climate Analysis Cal-(IT) 2 / SIO / SDSC / SDSU