Reformation TSWU the historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation. Objective:

 What forms of corruption existed during the Late Middle Ages? › Popes used excommunication to force monarchs to obey the Church › Many priests were illiterate › Many clergy broke their vows of chastity › Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure › Some clergy:  Charged repentant Christians to see holy remains and objects  Sold church offices to the highest bidder (simony)  Sold indulgences

Read 31.3 and answer the questions

"I would never have thought that such a storm would rise from Rome over one simple scrap of paper..." (Martin Luther) Read Section 31.4 and answer the questions

 Why did Luther question Church practices and teachings? › Troubled by idea that salvation was attainable through good works › Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to salvation was by faith alone › Believed forgiveness for sins could come only from God’s mercy › Angered by Tetzel’s sale of indulgence

 Wrote 95 Theses to start debate on Church abuses  Published books and pamphlets questioning Church teachings  Ideas for reform led to a new church › Congregations choose their own ministries › Worship of saints and holy days was considered sinful › Mass conducted in German instead of Latin › Clergy allowed to marry

The Spread of the Printing Press

Read 31.5 and answer the questions

› Origins  Lutheranism was founded by Martin Luther in Germany in 1521 › Beliefs about Sin and Salvation  Believed Salvation was a gift from God.  Received by people if they sincerely believed in Jesus, were sorry for their sins, and accepted the Bible as truth.  “Justification by faith”

 Belief about the ultimate source of authority › Believed that the Bible was the only true source of religious guidance. › Rejected the authority of church councils and the pope.

 Rituals and Worship › Lutherans kept some Catholic practices  Church looked much like Catholic church with altar, crucifix, and candles  Similar to Catholic mass (communion, Bible readings, sermons, and hymns › Prayer was in German instead of Latin › Two sacraments instead of Seven

 Community Life › Emphasized strict discipline › Large, Strong Families › Children were taught to pray before meals and bed

 Origins › Founded by John Calvin in Switzerland in 1541

 Beliefs about Sin and Salvation › Predestination  Idea that God already knows who will be saved in the afterlife and who will be condemned  Destinies shown by behavior  Those who behave well were saved  Those who sinned were not

 Beliefs about the ultimate source of Authority › Bible was the only source of religious guidance › Communities governed according to God’s law  When people sinned, they were also committing a crime

 Rituals and Worship › Attend service up to 5 times a week › Sermons were long › No paintings, statues, or stained glass windows › Used the only two sacraments in the Bible (baptism & communion) › Could sing only words from the Bible

 Community Life › Theocracies  Communities governed by God through religious leaders › Swearing, dancing, insulting people, and playing cards were not allowed › Homes could be inspected to see if famlies were obeying laws

 Origins › King Henry VIII in 1534

 Beliefs about sin and salvation › Baptism would wash away original sin › Justification by faith  Ultimate Source of Authority › Monarch was the main interpreter of the Bible › Anglicans could interpret the Bible in their own way as long as they were loyal to the king or queen

 Rituals and Worship › Services were held in former Catholic Church buildings  Decorations were removed  Inside was painted white › Hymns & services were in English instead of Latin, so everyone could take part › Two sacraments  Baptism  Communion

 Community Life › High Church  Mostly wealthy › Low church  Middle class & working class › Heresy was not a crime › People could worship as they liked as long as they did not attack the monarch or the Anglican Church

 Steps toward Reform › Pope Paul III ( )  Led the Counter, or Catholic Reformation  Promoted reform-minded cardinals to Curia  Had Church abuses catalogued  Called meeting at Trent to deal with the growth of Protestanism

› Defined Catholic beliefs & corrected abuses › Christians need faith & good works for salvation › Sale of indulgences prohibited › Simony outlawed › Seminaries established to train parish priests › Monasteries and convents cleansed of immoral clergy

Henry VIII Indulgences 95 Theses Protestant John Calvin Bible Pope

Martin Luther Excommunication Faith Corruption Anglican Council of Trent Salvation