By: Tiffany Cautilli

Strong Monarchs in England During this time England was overcome with invaders. They consisted of Angles, Vikings, and Saxons. Their king died in the year 1066 and there was confusion over who was to assume the throne. Nobles wanted Harold, the king’s brother-in-law, to assume the throne. But Duke William, a Viking argued that he deserved the throne. The result was a huge war. William won the backing of the pope and his own army to battle against Harold. On Christmas day in 1066, William won the throne.

King William William created the Domesday book, a census of the whole kingdom. Through this, he created a strong tax system.

Henry II He assumed the throne in He was known for his expanded system of royal justice. He extended the country’s customs into law. This was called Common Law. It consisted of the country’s customs and court rulings and was mandatory for all English to follow. Henry also created a system of juries. There were many issues that rose between Henry II and the Catholic Church. Henry felt that, just like other citizens, the church should be able to be taxed and should have to serve in court. A strong insurgent of the king and the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, fought against the king. After Henry made fools of his nobles for not avenging him to Becket, four nobles killed Becket in his own cathedral. Thomas Becket was considered a martyr and a saint.

King John and Pope Innocent III John, Henry’s son, was a hated ruler. He had 4 adversaries: William the Conqueror,ruler of Britain with a Norman heritage, King Phillip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and Nobles. He lost Anjou and Normandy to Phillip II. He fought against Pope Innocent III. They argued over who should be next in line to assume the role as pope. The Pope, in return, excommunicated John from church. The Pope also put England in an interdict. John also had to pay taxes to Rome.

The Magna Carta and Parliament After threats, the Magna Carta was signed by John. In it,many rights were given to the commoners and Church by the king. It granted protection from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment. In it, the King was prohibited from raising taxes. In it, the King was prohibited from raising taxes. It must be obeyed by all. Parliament was a Great Council. It created unity amongst England. It was made up of many representatives, each from a different county, but only 2 knights from each county could sit on the council. It was considered to be the “framework” of English legislatures and became known as Model Parliament. It divided into 2 bodies: House Of Lords and House of Commoners.

French Monarchs The Capetians They were ruled by Hugh Capet. He expanded royal supremacy and made the throne inheritable. He gained support from the Church. He created a well-constructed bureaucracy. He also gained support from the middle class.

Philip Augustus He increased the regal supremacy. He was the strongest European king. He paid the middle class to take over jobs in the government. He also administered many charters. He took over many new lands: Southern France, Anjou, Normandy, and Albigensian. French Monarchs

Louis IX He tried to increase the theological part of France. Fought against Muslims twice Disagreed with Muslim and heretic rulers Outlawed wars and owning of serfs He became a saint. He took court cases and turned France into a sufficient monarchy.

By: Tori Maiellano

By: Tina Roccia

The Crusades! Alexius I urgently asked pope Urban II for Christian knights to help them fight the Turks. Schism is split between the Roman and Byzantine churches. Only the first crusades came to achieving its goals.

Economic Expansion * The Crusades increased trade The crusades helped to increase the power of feudal monarchs. Levy was to collect takes in order to support the crusades. The crusades did not end the split between the Roman and Byzantine churches.

Reconquista in Spain* Christian kingdom survived the fight and boards expanded and were close to Muslims land. Churches forces pushed slowly and steadily southward Muslim influences remained strong.

Ferdinand and Isabella* Ferdinand married Isabella of Aragon They were king and queen of Spain Religious Toleration is a policy of allowing people to worship as they chose.

Ferdinand and Isabella

By: Margaret Strauser

In 1100’s schools had popped up near the Great Cathedrals to train the clergy. They were organized like guilds with charters protecting the rights of member and also they set standards for training. By 1200’s other cities rushed to organize universities. A program of study covered the seven liberal arts; Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, Music, Grammar, Rhetoric, and Logic. Woman were not allowed to attend the universities. Without a university education they couldn’t become, doctors, lawyers, Administrators, or Church officials.

Women were not allowed to attend the universities. Without a university education, they couldn’t become doctors, lawyers, Administrators, or Church officials. Muslim scholars had translated the works of Aristotle and other thinkers into Arabic. These Arabic texts had spread across the Muslim world. In 1100’s these new translation were seeping into Western Europe. Writings of the ancient Greeks posed a challenge to the Christians and other scholars.

Aristotle taught that you should discover basic truths. Christians however accepted different ideas on faith. They believed the church was the final authority for all questions. Scholastics, also known as Christian’s scholars tried to resolve conflict between faith and reason. Scholastism their methods used reason to support their beliefs.

Works of science were translated from Arabic and Greek and also reached Europe. Science made little progress in the middle ages. It took many centuries before Christian thinkers changed the way they viewed the physical world. Writing began to appear in the vernacular. Also it appeared in the everyday languages of ordinary people such as French, German, and Italian. People across Europe began writing down oral traditions in the Vernacular.

Song of Ronland was the most popular, which praised one of Charlemagne’s knights. A true feudal hero, Roland loyally sacrifices his life out of sense of honor. Spain’s great epic, poem of the Cid involves battle against Muslim forces. The Cid was about Rodrigo Diaz, a bold Christian Lord who battled Muslims in Spain. Developed by the builders became, known as Goth Style of Architecture. Flying Buttresses was a key feature in it, it was a stone support that stood outside the church, which allowed builders to construct higher walls for stain glass windows.

In 1300s &1400s, this Gothic style was applied to paintings and illumination, which is the artistic decoration of books. Examples of gothic paintings appeared in prayer books, known as books of hours.