Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century Chapter 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Prelude to Reformation Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Christian Humanists Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536) Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503) “The Philosophy of Christ” (Direction for daily life rather then dogmatic beliefs of a medieval church The Praise of Folly (1511) Wanted Reform within the Church: He laid the egg that Luther hatched Sir Thomas More Utopia- An island with the perfect State of Law

Christian Humanists

Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation Church Corruption: Pluralism (more then one job to make more money, caused absenteeism in the church Meaning of Salvation Relics: Frederick the Wise had over 19,000 Relics that could reduce purgatory by 2,000,000 Years “Clergy fails to Reform: Religion was so entangled with social, economics and politics it would be a slow reform process

Martin Luther & the Reformation in Germany The Early Luther Law Student Becomes a monk Doctorate in Theology (1512) “Justification by Faith” The act of deserving salvation Primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authority Pope Leo X, Johann Tetzel Indulgences The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) an angry letter to the Catholic church that was pinned on the door of the church and university Pamphlets (1520) Proposed break from the Church Address to the Nobility of the German Nation(German Princes) The Babylonian Captivity of the Church(Attacked sacraments) On the Freedom of a Christian Man (A Good man does good work) Excommunication (1521) Summoned to Reichstag by Emperor Charles V Diet of Worms (1521)Makes him an outlaw and all his writing to be burned

The Development of Lutheranism Spread through Germany The Elector of Saxony saves Luther and hides him in Wartburg (He translates the New Testament into German and it sold 200,000 Copies in 12 years Dissent from the Humanists: The older Humanists when they saw the unity of Christianity being threatened, they broke away from reform The Peasants’ War (1524): unhappy peasants strike against local lords for new taxes and returning to the “Good old Days” Luther preaches against the Peasants and calls on the state to put down the rebellion. State Churches: This make Luther more dependent then ever on the State authority to help him spread his reform New Religious Services: Only 2 sacraments are kept for Luther’s reform; Baptism and the Lords Supper

Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556) Francis I of France (1515 – 1547); Charles political rival over rival lands, these wars kept Charles from dealing with Luther Habsburg – Valois Wars (1521 – 1544) Pope Clement VII (1523 – 1534) sides with Francis I, this causes the bloody sacking of Rome by Charles V Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)Lead to Ottoman Turks into Hungary and Austria against Charles Germany’s fragmented political power Peace of Augsburg (1555) Charles Loses his life long fight to unite Germany under one religion Division of Christianity acknowledged

The Spread of the Protestant Reformation The Zwinglian Reformation Swiss Confederation: 13 self governing states Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531) Humanist priest and Swiss reformer Unrest in Zurich spread reform ideas to other Swiss towns Seeks alliance with German reformers Swiss Civil War: Protestant vs. Catholic, Zwingli army is routed, he is found wounded on battle field, his body is cut up, burned and his ashes scatter.

The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists a member of any of various Protestant sects, formed in Europe after 1520, that denied the validity of infant baptism, baptized believers only, and advocated social and economic reforms Church was a voluntary association of believers Adult baptism Separation of Church and State Swiss Brethren: most wiped out in the Civil War Anabaptists persecuted: By both Protestants and Catholics Menno Simons (1496 – 1561) Spread the word of Pacifism Separation from the World Mennonites Millenarianism- Believed the end of the world was near and a new world would rise up in Munster. It was put down and the radicals executed.

The Reformation in England Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) Excommunicated for breaking away from Rome and forming the Church of England. Catherine of Aragón (First Wife) No Male heir, marriage annulled Anne Boleyn (Second Wife) lady in waiting to Catherine, gets pregnant by Henry, becomes 2nd wife, has a girl and is beheaded Elizabeth I Will become Queen of England for 45 years Act of Supremacy (1534) England breaks from Rome and Church, King now makes all religious decisions Thomas Cramner, Archbishop of Canterbury, voided marriage to Catherine so King could marry Anne, Excommunicated by pope Edward VI (1547 – 1553)Son of 3rd wife, sickly, takes throne when Henry dies, he is only 9 and easily manipulated into pushing the Church of England towards being Protestant by Cramner Mary I, “Bloody Mary”(1553 – 1558)Catherine’s Daughter who burned more then 300 Protestants Intends to restore Catholicism to England and forms an Alliance with Spain, her death end Catholicism in England.

B. Religious Policies Rulers of Spain and France defended Catholicism from Protestant Challenge. Henry VIII challenged papal authority and declared himself the head of the Church of England because the pope would not grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Henry VIII (1491 - 1547) was the King of England and besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

Henry VIII six wives.

Catherine of Aragon was the youngest child of Ferdinand and Isabella Catherine of Aragon was the youngest child of Ferdinand and Isabella. She was Henry VIII’s 1st wife, the mother of Mary Queen of Scots, and her divorce resulted in the separation of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

Anne Boleyn was Catherine of Aragon’s Queen consort, Henry VIII’s 2nd wife, mother of Queen Elizabeth I, and was beheaded at the Tower of London for adultery.

Jane Seymour married Henry VIII 10 days after Anne Boleyn’s execution, died two weeks after the birth of Edward VI, was the only wife to receive a queen’s funeral, and was buried beside Henry VIII.

Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII’s 4th wife Anne of Cleves was Henry VIII’s 4th wife. She was German and he married her from a portrait, but when she showed up he thought she was ugly. Fearing for her life, she agreed to a divorce.

Catherine Howard married Henry VII’s 20 days after his divorce from Anne of Cleves. She was Anne Boleyn’s cousin and was beheaded in less then two years for adultery.

Catherine Parr was Henry VIII’s 6th and final wife. She was the first queen of Ireland and was the most married English queen - she had four husbands.

John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) Calvin’s synthesis of Protestant thought, secures John Calvin as a new leader of Protestantism Predestination: Saved (Elect) or Damned (reprobate) 3 tests: 1. Profession of the faith, 2.Decent Godly life, 3. Participation in the sacraments Two Sacraments Baptism The Lord’s Supper (Communion) Geneva Consistory- Special body for enforcing moral discipline.

The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation The Family Marriage and Sex,(Marry on if you cannot remain celibate Positive family relationships: Family becomes the center of human life Women’s Roles, still must obey Women left with few alternatives in Protestantism Religions Practices and Popular Culture Changes in Religious Practices Family worship and private prayer Changes in forms of entertainment Tried to ban drinking in pubs, dancing and dramatic performances

The Catholic Reformation The Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola (1491 – 1556)founder The Spiritual Exercises- A training manual to living a godly life Jesuits recognized as a religious order (1540) Absolute obedience to the papacy Three major objectives of Jesuits Education crucial to combating Protestantism Propagation of Catholic faith among non-Catholics Fight Protestantism

A Revived Papacy Pope Paul III (1534 – 1549) Reform Commission (1535 – 1537)Blames problems of the church on corrupt pope and cardinals Recognized Jesuits Summons them to Council of Trent Council of Trent Roman Inquisition (1542) Ferret out all doctrinal errors and no compromise with Protestants Pope Paul IV (1555 – 1559)First True Pope of Counter Reformation Index of Forbidden Books All Protestant theologians Unwholesome books

The Council of Trent Met intermittently from 1545 – 1563 Divisions between moderates(Let Protestants back into the church)and conservatives( Strict opposition to Protestant Ideas) The Conservatives won. Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Scripture and Tradition(Church interpretation only) Faith and Good Works(Needed for Salvation) Sacraments (all 7, not the Protestant 2) Purgatory and indulgences were affirmed, but no more hawking of indulgences

Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century The French Civil Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) Huguenots French Calvinists vs. Conversion of the 40 – 50 percent of French nobility The Ultra Catholics- the Majority of France, lead a strict opposition to the Huguenots The Civil War halts State needs. France becomes less important then Faith The Politiques- A French group that put politics ahead of Religion and help end the Civil War Henry IV of Navarre (1589 – 1610) Converts to Catholicism Edict of Nantes (1598)Gives Huguenots full religious toleration and ends Religous civil war

Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism Philip II of Spain (1556 – 1598)ushered in Spanish greatness, politically and culturally: Charles V son, Exploration Philippines Named for him Importance of Catholicism in Spain: This will lead to the Spanish Inquisition The Holy League: Spain also lead the fight against Turkish encroachment in the Mediterranean Battle of Lepanto (1571) Spanish Defeat over the Turks on Cyprus, Kick Ottomans out of Mediterranean, last Naval battle fought with oared ships

The Revolt of the Netherlands Philip tries to strengthen his control: Pushed One Religion This was a mistake as the northerners realized their taxes went to Spain interests Resentment against Philip: Attacks on the Calvinists lead to revolt and attacks on churches Calvinists: Philip Sends 10,000 troops against the Calvinist and levy's punishment taxes on the people, the people join the Calvinist and fight back under the leadership of William of Orange William of Nassau, Prince of Orange: Unify all 17 provinces in 1576 with respect to religious differences. It will not last as religious intolerance will lead to Split country in 1579 Protestant North and Catholic South United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)

The England of Elizabeth Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) after Death of Mary Act of Supremacy: Moderation and Compromise when it comes to Religion. Used the Act of Uniformity and the 39 Articles to define theological issues. She turned England Protestant without upsetting the people by avoiding distinctions and extremes. Foreign Policy: Avoid war, explore, send secret aid the enemies of our enemies Conflict with Spain: Had the local pirates raid the Spanish fleet and plunder their goods (Sir Francis Drake) The Spanish Armada (1588) Spanish invasion of England. Philip II tries to have England be Catholic again and sends his massive fleet, The fleet is sunk and destroyed by the smaller quicker English ships in the English Channel.