Sparta Spartans worked to create a strong city-state: –only healthy children were allowed to live –boys were trained for the army at 7 –life in army training was harsh to toughen the soldiers up –men remained in the army until the age of 30; then in reserves –women were healthy and vigorous; exercised and played sports; could not vote –created such a strong army, left little time to be creative in the arts – military valued duty, strength, and discipline.

Athens Athens created a democracy through the reforms of two men. Solon 594 BC –all male citizens were allowed to attend assembly –all citizens were responsible for justice Cleisthenes 508 BC –increased the power of the assembly –created the Council of Five Hundred to propose new laws and advise the assembly; every citizen could serve

Results of the Persian War Persian invaded Athens and the Athenians won. Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state. Athens became the leader of the Delian League with the purpose of preventing future Persian attacks.

Golden Age of Greece Around 461 BC, Pericles (a hero from the Persian wars) became the leader of Athens. –He strengthened democracy increased the number of paid government positions –Increased the wealth and power of Athens used the Delian League’s dues to build up the navy –Beautified Athens built the Parthenon (built in classical architecture and filled with classical art) drama is invented to show civic pride and to pay tribute to the gods

Peloponesian War City-states began to resent Athens. In 431 BC Sparta invaded Athens. In 404 BC, Athens was defeated by the Spartans. This brought an end to the Golden Age of Greece.

Philosophers Plato: one of Socrates pupils; searched for answers to questions like, “What is love? What is ethical behavior? and What is the best kind of government?” Writings are in the form of dialogues; a famous dialogue is The Republic. Aristotle: one of Plato’s students; tried to find truth by studying the natural world around him; used scientific method.

Peloponnesian War Seriously Weakened the two strongest city- states in Greece Sparta and Athens However, since many city-states aided them as well, they too became embroiled in the fierce conflict The Delian League and the Peloponnesian League

Philip II of Macedon Became King at age 23 Brilliant General and ruthless politician He created a powerful army out of peasant farmers Increased the number of infantry in the phalanx and doubled the length of the spears He then augmented his infantry with cavalry He used this to unify Macedonia then he turned to the rest of Greece

“For the Sake of ruling and wielding power, he has had an eye gouged out, his shoulder crushed, both his hand and his leg mutilated; he jettisons whatever part of his body fate wants to take away so long as he can live in honor and glory with what is left...” Demosthenes

So why do we not remember Philip? Because his son just happens to be one of the greatest conquerors the world has ever seen! Alexander, the Great Became king at the age of 20 Taught by Aristotle He would conquer the Persian Empire, the ancient enemy of Greece

Here Alexander is depicted riding his legendary horse Bucephalus

Here Darius III is depicted at the Battle of Gaugamela He looks sad

Alexandrian Legacy: Hellenism While Alexander was a Great General, his most lasting achievement was a melding of Greek and Eastern Culture called Hellenism Could it be argued that while Greece conquered Persia, Persian Culture conquered Greece?

Greek Persian Egyptian Indian Hellenistic Culture

Antigonus, Seleucus, and Ptolemy divided Alexander’s empire. Why do you think that they scorned the traditional Greek methods of democratic governance and chose to rule with complete power?

Alexander also fostered huge city building projects such as the City of Alexandria This is the legendary Pharos or light tower of Egypt

Match-up: Proposed that the earth and other planets revolve around the Sun Taught that the greatest good and pleasure can come only from virtuous conduct and absence of pain Invented the study of geometry Accurately estimated the value of pi Calculated the Earth’s true size Believed that People should live harmonious lives in communion with natural law Look in section 5 to find each Hellenistic thinker!