GREECE

The Geography of Greece

Archaic Greece: 2000 BCE - 700 BCE

Bronze Age Greece

Minoan World: 2000-1400 B.C.E.

Crete: Minoan Civilization (Palace at Knossos)

Aerial View of Knossos

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan Civilization

Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

Minoan Ladies Women had rights…

Minoan Culture - Religion Minoan Snake Mother Goddess Minoan Priest Religion was based on worshiping the Mother Goddess…

Bull Cult …and based on worshiping the Bull.

Bull Jumping Fresco

Minoan Trade Minoan success was based on trade, not conquest. Coast of Crete “Bireme” ship Minoan success was based on trade, not conquest.

Minoan Artistic “Motifs” Dolphins represent good fortune and show the importance of the sea.

Early Writing System: “Linear A” (Undecipherable) Cannon?

What caused the End of the Minoan Civilization??

The Mycenaeans (Achaeans) 1500 - 1100 BCE

The Mycenaean World: 1500-1100 BCE

Archaeological “site” View of Mycenae Archaeological “site”

Aerial View of Mycenae

Mycenae

Approach to the Lion’s Gate

Lion’s Gate Entrance to Mycenae

Mycenaean Writing System: “Linear B”

The Mycenaean Civilization

The Trojan War 1250 BCE 10 Year Long War

The Trojan War

What were the real & mythical causes of the Trojan War??

Historically It is said that Troy controlled trade from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. This area was known as the “Vital Straits”

Helen of Troy: “The Face That Launched 1000 Ships” What did she look like?

Greek Ships Landing on Beaches of Troy

Plan of the City of Troy

The Nine “Layers” of Ancient Troy Homer’s Troy (VII)

Original Wall of the City of Troy

Wall of Troy Recreated

Dome of King Priam’s Treasury

King Priam’s Treasure

Mask of Agamemnon

Brutal Combat

Brutal Combat

Troy Grave Circles

The “Trojan Horse”?

Sir Heinrich Schliemann

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

Homer, the Blind Poet

Homer’s Great Epics

Homer’s View of the World

The Greek "Dark Ages" 1100 - 800 BCE

Migrations in the Aegean Region Invasion of the Dorians

Greek Culture Declined

Greek Culture Declined Greeks lived in Small Isolated Villages. Reading and Writing Declined. Stories were passed on by word of mouth.

"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

Early Governments Monarchy-government in which a king or queen exercises central power. Aristocracy-rule by a landholding elite. Oligarchy-power is in the hands of a small, powerful elite, usually a business class.

SPARTA: A Nation of Soldiers

SPARTA

SPARTA Spartans- Dorians that conquered Laconia. Helots – Mycenaean's enslaved by the Spartans.

Sparta Sparta was a Military State. From a young age children (boys) were trained in military tactics. Women would exercise and keep their bodies in good physical health. Only men could vote. Sparta's government had two kings and a council of elders.

Sparta’s Military Phalanx- massive formation of heavily armed foot soldiers.

ATHENS: A limited Democracy

View of the Past

Early Athenian Lawgivers Corruption in Athens aristocracy had too much power, people called for reform. Solon- first to reform the government, made a move for democracy. (594 BCE) Pisistratus-further helped the common citizens by offering loans to the poor. (546BCE) Cleisthenes- Established the Council of 500 and created the first (limited) democracy.

Why was it only a limited Democracy? Only male citizens could vote. Only male citizens could participate in the government. Slavery was still legal. Women had no share in life Only boys could go to school, if they could afford it.

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Persian Wars: 490 BCE – 479 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26.2 miles from Athens 25,000 Persians, under Persian Leader Darius‘ Greeks were out numbered 3 to 1 Greeks Won

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass 25,000+ Persians led by Xerxes Spartans hold them off till Sparta was betrayed. Sparta Lost Persia Marched and burned Athens

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy lured the Persian navy into the narrow Strait of Salamis. Athenian Navy rowed their boats into the Persian Ships and sank them. Athens is victorious.

After the Persian Wars Greeks felt Strong and realized their place in the world. Athens emerged as the most powerful City-State. Delian League was Established – United Greek Allies.

Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE Direct Democracy was established

Golden “Age of Pericles” Government Thrived Economy Thrived Athenian assembly established: 6000 members had to be present You were paid for government Service. Judge and Jury Ostracism – Vote to send away a government official who threatened democracy.

Thucydides Historian who lived in the Age of Pericles. Recorded events for Athens.

Peloponnesian Wars

Peloponnesian Wars 431 - 404 BCE (27 years) Greek vs. Greek Sparta vs. Athens Sparta got help from Persia After the War Athens was no longer a military power. It was however, the center for Greek Culture.

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates (469 – 399 BCE) Know thyself! question everything Socratic Method of Teaching Only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness.  At Age 70 he was put on trial for “corrupting the youth.” He was sentenced to exile but choose suicide.

Great Athenian Philosophers Plato (Socrates' Student) The Academy (School) The Importance of Reason The Republic (book) His vision of an ideal state. Did not trust democracy

Great Athenian Philosophers Aristotle (Plato's’ Student) The Lyceum (School) Study: Politics, Ethics, Logic, Biology, Literature, Math Etc. “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]. Logic. Scientific method.

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus Sophocles (Father of Tragedy) Euripides COMEDY: Aristophanes (Father of Comedy) Wrote: Lysistrata

Athens: The Arts & Sciences THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras Pythagorean Theorem Democritus all matter made up of small atoms. Hippocrates – “Father of Medicine”

Acropolis

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

The Agora Was the term for a Marketplace

The Classical Greek “Ideal” Greeks saw the human body as beautiful, they sculpted the body with realism and natural poses but had an idealistic approach.

Olympia

The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 Olympics

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II Philip conquered and united all of Greece under the Macedonia Empire in 338 BCE. Philip was assassinated, Alexander was placed on the Throne. In 334 BCE Alexander conquered the weak and often rebellious Persian Empire. (Darius III was Emperor)

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Macedonia Under Alexander In 331 BCE he took Babylon. He conquered Egypt, Persia, India. Alexander faced armies that had Elephants and Superior numbers. Alexander died of a sudden fever. His Empire was divided up and fought over.

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Hellenistic Culture – assimilation of Greek, Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE Hellenistic Culture – assimilation of Greek, Indian, Egyptian and Persian Cultures.

The Hellenization of Asia Most lasting achievement was the spread of Greek Culture.

The Lighthouse of Alexandria Alexandria Egypt was the center of Hellenistic Culture

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoicism - Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will; just go with the flow Avoid Desire. get involved in politics to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus - heliocentric theory. Idea that sun is center of the solar-system. Euclid wrote the Element – Modern Geometry Archimedes – Physics Mastered the idea of a lever and a pulley.

Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Greek art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age !