Definition of Nanobiochemistry 1Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Simplest definition is “technology at a nanoscale”. “Nano X” eg nanofibers, nanodevices. Nanotechnology is a group of emerging technologies in which the structure of matter is controlled at nanometer scale to produce novel material and devices that have useful and unique properties”. 2Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Nanotechnology Design and fabrication of materials,devices and systems with control at nanometer dimension. 3Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Nanoscience Focuses on observation and the study of phemenon at the nanometer scale. Ways of manipulating matter at that scale at which many properties of matter differ from that at larger scale. 4Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

“the design, characterization and application of materials, devices and systems that have functional organization in atleast one dimension on the nanometer scale.” Richard Feynman in 1959 at Caltech “there is plenty of room at the bottom”. The word “nanotechnology” was coined by Norio Taniguchi. 5Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

The first “proof of principle” that atoms could be precisely positioned by man made tool took place in 1989 when scientists at IBM manipulated 35 xenon atoms to form the letters IBM. 6Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

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Before the SI system bulk realm was referred to as macro and the atomic realm as micro. Consideration of the microworld began with the invention of microscope and subsequently micro was formalized as Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Given that the prefix “nano”can apply to any base unit one needs to define the scale- length, mass, etc although length is commonly used. Nano is derived from the greek word which means dwarf, SI units adopt nano as the name of the multiplier Thus one nanometer means meter, a millionth of a millimeter or a thousandth of a millimeter. 9Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Devices with minimum feature sizes less than 100 nm are products of nanotechnology. Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary that interacts with physics, biology, chemistry, computer science and more. Nanostructures have special properties due to their nanoscale propotions. 10Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

One nanometer is millionth of a meter. A red blood cell is 7,000 nm wide and a water molecule is 0.3nm across. At nanoscale the properties of materials are different from that of their bulk scale. 11Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Nanoscience Is the study of phenomena and materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at larger scale. Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and sizes at nanometer scale. 12Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

At nanoscale the properties change from their bulk scale. Nanoscale ceramics or metals are much stronger than at bulk scale. Metals at grain size of 10 nm are much harder and tougher than their ordinary counterparts. 13Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

The properties of materials at nanoscale can be different for two reasons Nanomaterials have relatively larger surface area when compared to same mass of materials produced in larger form. This can make materials more active chemically and can affect their strength and electrical properties. 14Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Real-World Examples There are many examples of the application of nanotechnology from the simple to the complex. For example, there are nano coatings which can repel dirt and reduce the need for harmful cleaning agents, or prevent the spread of hospital-borne infections. New-generation hip implants can be made more ‘body friendly’ because they have a nanoscale topography that encourages acceptance by the cells in their vicinity. Moving on to more complex products, a good example of the application of nanotechnology is a mobile phone, which has changed dramatically in a few years – becoming smaller and smaller, while paradoxically, growing cleverer and faster – and cheaper! 15Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Nanobiotechnology Nanobiotechnology and bionanotechnology ate synonms. Refer to materials and processes at nanometer scale that are based on biological, biomimetic or biologically inspired molecules and nanotechnological devices used to control biological processes eg medicine. 16Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

An example of former is optically switched optical switch incorpotating the biomolecule bacteriorhodopsin. An example of latter is biochip- an array of known DNA fragments used to capture unknown DNA from a sample. 17Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Nanotechnology & Chemistry Chemistry also deals with manipulation of molecules at nanometer scale the chemist does not control the system in a way an engineer does. Eigler and Schweizer’s in which they manipulated molecules of xenon to generate the letter IBM. 18Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

They could not put the atoms where ever they wanted but only at certain lattice site of the underlying surface even at ultra low temperature at which they had to work. Chemistry may impose fundamental limitations on the freedom of nanotechnologists to manipulate matter at molecular and atomic scale. 19Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Nanotechnology & Biology Biology provides living proof of principle of nanotechnology. Biological structures at macromolecular and supramolecular scales are apparently assembled using the principle of self assembly eagerly sought by nanotechnologists and these structures mostly protein based combine extraordinary lightness with extraordinary strength. 20Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Two examples of mechanical devices are F1 ATPase enzyme that uses a proton gradient across the membrane in which it is embedded to provide universal energy provider ATP. Type III secretion system (TTSS) – a spherical assembly of needles found on the surface of certain pathogenic bacteria used to inject poison into their targets. 21Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Key Elements of Nanotechnology Nanotechnolgy is divided into fabrication (of materials and devices) and metrology. Fabrication is divided into “top down” and “Bottom up” approaches. Metrology is intrinsic to manufacturing. This is used to quantitatively assess the quality of the project. It uses atomic force microscope (AFM) as its tool. 22Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi

Nanoparticle. A sub-classification of ultrafine particles with lengths in two or three dimensions greater than 1 nanometer (nm) and smaller than about 100 nm, and which may or may not exhibit size-related intensive properties. Natural nanoparticles. Particles with one or more dimensions at the nanoscale originating from natural processes, e.g. soil colloids. Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi23

Engineered nanoparticles Less frequently also “manufactured nanoparticles”- Nanoparticles manufactured to have specific properties or a specific composition. Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi24

Size-related intensive properties Physical or chemical properties of a particle that change as a particle size falls below a certain threshold (surface charge, conductivity, color, etc.). Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi25

Agglomerate A group of particles held together by relatively weak forces. Ultrafine particles: Term frequently used by those dealing with industrial products, aerosols and air pollution, and referring to particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometer. Dr. Nikhat Siddiqi26

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