112 ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents Exam Final Review

Use the reference tables!!!!!

 Same substance = same density  As pressure increases, density increases. PRESSUREPRESSURE TEMPERATURE

 As temperature increases, density decreases  Water expands when it freezes TEMPERATURE D E N S I T Y

 Most changes are cyclic  Water is most dense at 4°C, when it is liquid.

 The true shape of the Earth is an Oblate Spheroid, but from space it looks like a perfect circle.  The best model of the Earth is a sphere  Altitude of Polaris equals your latitude!!!! Zenith Horizon 43° 47°

 Latitude lines go east-west, just like the Equator, but measure distance north and south.  Longitude lines go north- south, but measure distances east and west.

What are the latitude and longitude coordinates at the red dot?

 Longitude (time) is based on the sun  What is the time difference between point A and point B?   Which two locations are experiencing the same time? 

 The closer the isolines (contour- isobar-isotherms) are the steeper the slope or gradient What is the highest possible elevation of the hill? 239 feet

 Contour lines “bend” upstream when crossing a river—Law of V’s In which direction is this river flowing? Northeast

 Ocean crust is thin and made of basalt and made of basalt  Continental crust is thick and made of granite

ROCKS AND MINERALS

 Sedimentary rocks – strata – flat layers – most likely to have fossils Bituminous coal Rock salt Sandstone ConglomerateShale

 Igneous rock: cools fast: small crystals, cools slow: large crystals Diorite Obsidian Pumice Scoria RhyoliteGranite

 Metamorphic rock- banded, distorted structure Gneiss Phyllite Anthracite Coal Marble

 Mineral properties depend on internal atomic arrangement

DYNAMIC CRUST

 Mountains form by uplift

 Mid-ocean ridge- new earth being created- sea floor spreading  Trenches – earth being destroyed – subductionzone

 P-waves are faster than S waves  P waves- can pass through solids and liquids – S-waves only solids  You need 3 seismographs stations to plot earthquakes

 Convection currents in the mantle move plates

Earth’s History

 Undisturbed strata – bottom layer is oldest  Intrusion and faults are younger than the rock they are in  Unconformity means erosion 9. Weathering and erosion 8. Fault 7. Igneous intrusion 6. Deposition of conglomerate 5. Deposition of limestone 4. Deposition of siltstone 3. Deposition of sandstone 2. Deposition of shale 1. Deposition of conglomerate

 Uranium-238 dates old rocks  Carbon-14 dates recent living objects  The half life of a radioactive element can’t be changed 5,700 years 1,300,000,000

 Index fossils are good time markers (widely spread, lived a short time)  Which fossil is considered an index fossil?

Surface Processes and Landscapes/ Weathering, Erosion and Deposition

 Arid landscape: steep slopes with sharp angles  Humid landscape:  smooth with rounded  slopes

 Chemical weathering occurs mostly in warm, humid climates  Physical weathering occurs mostly in cold, humid climates (good for frost wedging)

 Gravity causes all erosion  Streams are the number one agent of erosion  Stream velocity depends on slope and discharge  Velocity is fastest on the outside of meander bend

 Heavy, round and dense particle settle out first  Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest sediments are on bottom

 Glacial sediments are unsorted, not layered, scratched, U-shaped valley  River/stream sediments are sorted, layered, V-shaped valley

 When a rock is broken into smaller pieces, surface area increases and weathering rate increases

Meteorology, Water Cycle and Climate and Atmospheric Energy

 Black absorbs/white reflects  Good absorbers of radiation and good radiators  Energy moves from source to sink: high to low

 Weather moves from west to east in the United States  Cold fronts move the fastest fastest

 Cold Front  Small band of precipitation before and after the front

 Warm Front  Broad band of precipitation before the front

 Occluded Front  Continuous precipitation

 Air moves clockwise and outward around a high  Air moves counterclockwise and inward around a low

 Highs are cool and dry; lows and warm and wet  Air cools as it rises

 Hottest part of the year is in July  Hottest part of the day is after 1:00 pm

 As temperature increases, air pressure decreases  As moisture increases, pressure decreases

 Air pressure decreases with altitude

 Wind is due to air pressure differences  Winds blow from high to low pressure  Wind is named from the direction that I t is coming from

 The closer the air temperature is to the dew point the greater the chance for precipitation 65 63

 Porosity does not depend on particle size  Capillarity increases when particle size decreases  As particle size increases, permeability increases

 Ep (potential evapotranspiration) depends on temperature  Water bodies moderate temperature

Astronomy

 The earth rotates from west to east (24 hours)  The earth revolves counterclockwise ( days)  All celestial objects appear to move west to east across the sky

 The moon has phases because of the angle at which we view it (remember though that half is always lit)

 Planets appear to go backwards (retrograde) as the earth passes them in space

Astronomy Seasons DAYDATE VERTICAL RAY SUN RISE SUN SET DAY LENGTH Summer Solstice June 21st Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N N of E N of W Longest Summer solstice is June 21 st

Astronomy Seasons DAYDATE VERTICAL RAY SUN RISE SUN SET DAY LENGTH Winter Solstice Dec. 21st Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S S of E S of W Shortest Winter solstice is December 21 st

Astronomy Seasons DAYDATE VERTICAL RAY SUN RISE SUN SET DAY LENGTH AutumnEquinox Sept. 23rd Equator 0°0°0°0°EastWest 12 hours Equinoxes: March 21 st and September 21 st

Astronomy Seasons DAYDATE VERTICAL RAY SUN RISE SUN SET DAY LENGTH SpringEquinox March 21st Equator 0°0°0°0°EastWest 12 hours Equator always has 12 hours of daylight

 The lower the altitude of the sun, the longer the shadow it casts.

 Foucault’s pendulum and the coriolis effect prove the earth rotates

 Earth is closer to the sun in the winter  The closer the planet is to the sun the higher its velocity.

 Apparent diameter of objects (sun, moon) gets larger when the object is closer to Earth

 Vertical rays (overhead rays) can only occur between 23.5°N and 23.5°S

Be familiar with this chart: DATE (APPROXIMATE) LATITUDE OF SUN'S DIRECT RAYS DIRECTION OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT Sept. 23 (Autumnal Equinox)Equator (0 o )Rises due East Sets due West12 hours December 21 (Winter Solstice) Tropic of Capricorn (23 1/2 o S) Rises in SE Sets in SW 8 hours (shortest day) March 21 (Vernal Equinox)Equator (0 o ) Rises due East Sets due West 12 hours June 21 (Summer Solstice) Tropic of Cancer (23 1/2 o N) Rises in NE Sets in NW 16 hours (longest day)

 Dynamic equilibrium means balance  Isostasy: earth’s crust in equilibrium  When in doubt, see if the reference tables will help