Presented to School Based Law Enforcement Conference Corpus Christi, Texas June, 2011 Presented by Sgt. Steve Garst Certified Crime Prevention Specialist Community Services Division Little Elm Police Department, Texas Practical CPTED for School Campuses

Steve Garst L.C.C., C.C.P.S. B.B.A. Degree – Sam Houston State University TCLEOSE Master Peace Officer TCLEOSE Instructor Certification Law Enforcement Management Institute of Texas (LEMIT) Leadership Command College (LCC) – Class # 41 Certified Crime Prevention Specialist 20 years law enforcement experience Former Sergeant and Coordinator of School Safety – Conroe ISD Sergeant - Crime Prevention/Community Services – Little Elm PD C.P.T.E.D. Specialist

Agenda Basic Overview of CPTED Principles Maintenance Natural Surveillance Access Control Territorial Reinforcement The four D’s of CPTED DeterDetect Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept. DelayDeny

Agenda Key Concepts of Security & Strategies Terrorism Doors, Windows, and other points of entry Perimeter Control – 1 st line of defense Fences, Landscaping, and Lighting Building Exterior Reinforcement – 2 nd line of defense Building Interior – 3 rd line of defense Locks, Alarms, and Cameras Weather issues Color and CPTEDMovement and CPTED Floor plans and layouts Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Definition What is Crime Prevention? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept. The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk and the initiation of action to remove or reduce it.

Definition What is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept. Proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the incidence of crime and the fear of crime and lead to an improvement in the quality of life.

Security Truism Convenience Kills Safety Convenient SafeConvenient Safe Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Security Caveat No security system can be made completely secure! Anything made by man can be defeated by man!

The Law of Unintended Consequences Learn to think outside the (form of some other geometrical shape besides a) box. You must “what if” solutions to be sure you don’t create one problem while trying to solve another.

Enforce the Rules When the smallest of rules goes unenforced, all the rest become mere suggestions! Sgt. Steve Garst If you have a rule in the rule book you do not fairly, uniformly and consistently enforce, REMOVE IT!

Four D’s of Crime Prevention 1. Deter the criminal attack. 2. Detect the attack. 3. Delay the attack. 4. Deny access to selected targets. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Natural Surveillance Natural Access Control Territorial Behavior Maintenance Key CPTED Concepts Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Natural Surveillance The ability to see in or out Applies to residential or commercial Extends to parking lots and beyond Key CPTED Concepts Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept. Windows, landscape maintenance, open areas, lighting and much more

Visibility Issues Must NOT obstruct visibility A solid barrier has two negative effects… Provides a shield for unauthorized activity Prohibits visual inspection of the property. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Natural Access Control Concept directed primarily at decreasing crime opportunity by denying access to crime targets and creating in offenders a perception of risk. Done by designing streets, buildings, entrances, gateways, etc. to clearly indicate public routes and to discourage access to private areas using structural elements. Key CPTED Concepts Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Control Ingress and Egress Serve as a channel for persons and vehicles, Must accommodate routine, expected movement, Must also consider emergencies, Must not deter from the overall value or benefit of the barrier itself.

Territorial Reinforcement Using physical attributes that express ownership, such as fences, pavement treatment, art, signs, lighting and such to show private ownership. Makes legitimate users feel safer. Discourages intruders. Key CPTED Concepts Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Highway Public Sidewalk Green Belt Your Driveway Your Building Sidewalk Fence or low landscaping Your Building Lighting Grass, dirt, gravel, other area Paving or Walk Material Different from Public Walk

Maintenance A very important, but often ignored aspect… Must be inspected on a periodic basis to determine condition and guard against digging, damage, climbing aides, etc. Locks on gates and other openings in the barrier must be inspected periodically and changed at planned intervals. “BROKEN WINDOWS” concept. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Landscaping and Shrubbery Insure optimum visibility of all possible entrances and exits. Locate shrubs eighteen to twenty-four inches away from all entrances and exits. Cut shrubs at least six inches below window level, or no higher than eighteen inches. Trim tall shrubs and trees for the ground up to six to eight feet to assure visibility.

Landscaping and Shrubbery – cont. Separate hedges to prevent hiding. Remove rocks, wood chips, removal mats, et al from doorways to prevent blocking the door opening. Generally, thick, and thorny type bushes or hedges are most recommended. BUT… …remember that they may be used to hide an intruder!

Lighting Proper lighting serves as one of the most effective perimeter barriers available Provides both a physical and psychological deterrence Very efficient deterrent Partially restores some of the deterrence provided by daylight MUST…Be functioning properly Protect fixtures, switches, fuse boxes Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Not just More Light More Appropriate Light Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Building Perimeter – FIRST Line of Defense Any concession made here MUST be made up at the second or third line of defense. FencesGates Concessions made on the first line of defense should be made up for here Exterior lighting Parking controlAfter-hour access

Building Exterior – Second Line of Defense Consider principle points of entry: DoorsWindowsRoof hatchesSkylights FloorsStorm sewers In other words…. Consider not only sides but top and bottom. Concessions made on the first line of defense should be made up for here Window air conditioner

Other Entry Points Sewers, storm drains, manhole covers (secure with chains, padlocks, bars, grating) Roof / roof hatches / skylights (make recommendations as circumstances dictate) Shafts, vents, ducts, fire escapes (make recommendations as circumstances dictate)

General Building Perimeter Recommendations 1.) Get those doors LOCKED. 2.) Remove door mats and other door blocks. 3.) Install door open alarm notifiers. 4.) Provide adequate signs and visitor notices. 5.) Routinely check roof hatches, skylights and otherpossible entry points.

Interior Controls Third Line of Defense Complex area and may vary considerably from building to building Considerations are: Locks Key control Alarms Cameras Metal detectors Type of glass Access Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Building Access Is entry limited to certain doors? Can secured doors be easily defeated? What precautions are in place to prevent defeat? Who unlocks / locks building? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

LOCKS Retrofit old locks Meets ADA compliance requirements Old “classroom function” style locks only from outside ANSI - F88 lock Locks from either side only with a key but… …if locked from inside, cannot be opened from outside. Remove outside entry handles except on main door Keep all doors locks – storage, electrical, classrooms not in use, et al. Upgrade and enforce key control.

Key Control How many keys are out there? How do you know, for sure? When was the last time building was re-keyed? Who has keys? What do they open? Are there any reports of lost keys? If ‘yes’, what action was taken? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Locks… and what else? Photo ID cards - Staff Photo ID cards - Students Photo ID cards - Visitors Proximity Card Access

Intrusion Alarms - Overview Conduct basic check of the system. Can it be armed / disarmed as designed? Does it dial into someone? When was the code last changed? Are detectors located in appropriate locations? Are all detectors operational? Do all keypads work? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Cameras  Best way to increase your “eyes.”  Most cost effective way if they are wired into a new building construction.  Should be integrated with alarms.  Provides proof of illegal or unauthorized activity – (eases prosecution – quiets vocal parents). Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Cameras have been documented as being effective in…  Deterring criminal activity. ocumenting criminal activity.  Reducing property loss, thus reducing insurance premiums and related costs. educing personal injury incidents.  Providing court-approved evidence.  Diffusing parental disputes of child’s activity. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Camera – Considerations What do you want to accomplish? Remember, there were perimeter cameras in Thurston High, and they showed Kip Kingel coming in, but he was not personally identifiable, nor could it be seen that he was carrying a large package. What good were they? A sub-par system that is not properly maintained is more of a liability than an asset.

Camera – Considerations - cont. Columbine had cameras but… The custodian forgot to change the tapes that morning. He changed it during the time (20 min.) that Harris and Klebold set the propane bombs in the cafeteria.

TheUse of Colors

The Use of Color Do colors affect people?Yes If that is true, then can colors be used to influence the “effective use” of an environment? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

…symbolizes heat, fire, blood, passion, love, warmth, power, excitement and aggression. …can elevate blood pressure and respiratory rate. …emotionally intense and extremely dominating. …makes people anxious. …can cause people to lose track of time (Viva Las Vegas). …can be an appetite stimulant. Red Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

…excessive use can cause eye irritation and can speed metabolism. …in moderate amounts can… …produce sensations of brightness and warmth. …represent playfulness, light, creativity, easygoing attitude. …make attention getter, but like sunlight, you want it to be there, but you don’t want it in your eyes. …most visible of all colors. It is an attention getter. Yellow

..is a universal symbol of nature and money. …symbolizes life, youth, renewal, hope. …is the easiest color on the eyes. …calming effect on nervous system. (the Green Room for TV guests) Dark Green -- cool, masculine, conservative, and implies wealth. Emerald Green -- immortality. Olive Green -- the color of peace. Green

Colors can be deceiving. Colors can take on different hues depending on location or proximity to other colors. However… Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Is the color in the center the same or different? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

The same color will appear different under various types of lighting. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

The use of art to create… Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

In the cafeteria, you want them sitting down eating, so… …create serenity. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Don’t create motion, especially swift motion like... Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Animals and motion…do you want them moving? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Be aware of the intent and the picture being used. Some differences are very subtle. PassiveAggressive Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

B O Y ’ S G Y M Move them with simple arrows… Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Building Floor Plans

Student Parking School Informal Gathering Areas

Student Parking School Formal Gathering Areas Fencing or landscaping Add Lighting

Student Parking Curb Line

Student Parking Curb Line Fencing or low landscaping Optional Gate Traffic lanes & curbs

(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe Places Main Street School Building Student Parking Faculty,/Visitor Parking After-hour parking for away athletic events. A lot of car burglaries or criminal mischief. Driver’s Education Training after school. Driveway

(Un)safe Activities and/or (Un)safe Places School Building Student Parking Faculty,/Visitor Parking Move Driver’s Ed to back. Coming and going will help watch activity. Place after-hour parking in front Driveway Main Street

Principal’s Office Your Desk You are here Your only exit is here The suddenly hostile 6’5”, 285 lb. parent is here Or maybe here How do you get away? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Principal’s Office Your Desk Place Yourself Here Your only exit is here Place the 6’5”, 285 lb. parent here. If he gets hostile, you have an escape. Or Here Now, you can get away? Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Poor Design Isolated Entry Difficulty Hearing Good Design Good Entry / Access Good Hearing Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Girls RR Boys RR Main Offices Commons AP Offices LIBRARY Store Room Book Room Classroom Wing Classrooms Stairwell

Girls RR Boys RR Main Offices Commons AP Offices LIBRARY Store Room Book Room Classroom Wing Classrooms Stairwell AP Offices

Reception Desk Enter Library BBGB File Cabinets Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Reception Desk Enter EXIT ONLY Library BBGB File Cabinets Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Main Hallway Receptionist Bench Main Entry Doors Receptionist Main Hallway Main Entry Doors Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Main Hallway Desk Main Entry Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Weather and other Shelter-in-Place Red and Green Dots Low cost Easy to install Easy to train Easy to follow Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Terrorism Labs and chemicals HAZMET potential – custodial and classes Utility cut-off locations and methods Current floor plans on file with emergency responders Parking locations Routes to school – buses, walkers, bikes, cars

Terrorism Outside deliveries - protocol Lockdown procedures and drills Evacuation (bldg. & site) procedures and drills Practice makes perfect Practice makes permanent Adequate, controlled, planned and practiced response to active suspects

Terrorism Building Identification Roof (building) and Door Identification Unique building identifiers Individual door numbering & orientation Ex: (Bldg.) A Ex: A (building) - N (north) – D – (door) A-N-1, A-N-2, A-W-1, etc.

Terrorism Active Shooters Plan for rapid response with less than idea, adequate preparation, or redundancy. Train, train, train First responding officers MUST go to the threat

National Incident Management System (NIMS) National standardized method of preventing, preparing for, responding to, or recovering from an incident. Applies to ALL Federal, State, territorial, tribal, private sector and nongovernmental personnel with responsibility in emergency management operations. Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

National Incident Management System (NIMS) Required Courses – All available on-line ICS-100 – An Introduction to ICS – Incident Command System Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept. ICS-200 – Basic ICS for Initial Action Incident ICS-700 – An Introduction to NIMS ICS-800 – An Introduction to the National Response Plan (NRP)

National Incident Management System (NIMS) To be fully compliant, must also have… Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept. ICS – 300 – Introduces Unified Command with exercises ICS – 400 – Advanced Unified Command with exercises

THANK YOU Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.

Sgt. Steve Garst, L.C.C. – Certified Crime Prevention SpecialistLittle Elm Police Department Sergeant Steve Garst Contact Information Little Elm Police Department 100 W. Eldorado Parkway (469) Mobile Little Elm, Texas (972) Office – Sgt. Steve Garst L.C.C./C.C.P.S Little Elm Police Dept.